Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

*33

Andaman and Nicobar
Islands Union Territoi
Biodiversity Strategy
and Action Plan ■

ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS
UNION TERRITORY BIODIVERSITY
STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN

Editors: R. S. C. Jayaraj & Harry V. Andrews
Editorial Assistant: Seema Mundoli
Design & layout: Luc Gastmans, Auroville
Cover: Great Nicobar Island £ Manish Chandi

Publication funded by the Andaman and Nicobar Administration Department of Environment and Forests.

Citation: Jayaraj, R. S. C. & H. V. Andrews (Eds). 2005. Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory Biodiversity
Strategy and Action Plan. Prepared Under the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan - India. GOI-UNDP.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands Environmental Team/Madras Crocodile Bank Trust, Post Box 4. Mamallapuram-603 104,
Tamil Nadu, S. India. Email: mcbtindia@vsnl.net.

© 2005 - Andaman and Nicobar Administration, Department of Environment and Forests, Vansadan, Haddo Post,
Port Blair - 744102, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory.

Andaman & Nicobar Islands Environmental Team Andaman & Nicobar Department
Post Box-1, JungSghatP.O., of Environments Forests

Port Btair-744103, Andamans \fensadan, Haddo Post Port Btar-744102

Ministry of Environment and Forests
Govt of India. New Delhi

IP

Dmfti)

United Nations Development Programme
New Delhi

Published for the Andaman and Nicobar Administration by:
Universities Press (India) Private Limited
3-5-819, Hyderguda, Hyderabad 500 029

ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS UNION TERRITORY
BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN

NBSAP Executing Agency

Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, New Delhi

Funding Agency

United Nations Development Programme/Global Environment Facility

Technical Coordination

Kalpavriksh, Pune-Technical Policy Core Group

Administrative Agency

Biotech Consortium India Ltd., New Delhi.

Nodal Agency

Andaman and Nicobar Island Environmental Team

Nodal Agency personnel

Mr. Harry V. Andrews
Dr. Rauf Ali
Mr. Manish Chandi
Mrs. Aparna Singh

Steering Committee Members

The Secretary, Environment & Forests
Andaman and Nicobar Administration

Chairman

The Chief Conservator of Forests
Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Vice-Chairman

Th6 Chief Wildlife Warden

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Member Secretary

The Director of Fisheries

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Member

The Director of Agriculture

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Member

The Director, AH & VS

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Member

The Representative, CARI

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Member

Deputy Director, BSI

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Member

Officer- in- Charge, ZSI

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Member

Director, A NET

Member

Working Group Members

Dr. Alok Saxena- CWLW
Deputy Conservator of Forests
Asst. Conservator of Forests
Director

Dr. Mukhopadhyaya
Dr. Prasant Mohanraj
Dr. P. V. Srcckumar
Dr. P. T. Rajan
Mr. Sanjit Biswas
Mr. Samir Acharya
Mr. Sarang Kulkarni
Mr. Harry V. Andrews
Dr. Rauf Ali
Mr. Manish Chandi
Mrs. Aparna Singh

Other Contributors / Reviewers

Dr. A. K. Bardhan

Mr. S. S. Choudhury

Mrs. Tara Gandhi, Advisor

Mr. Ashish Kothari

Dr. Jeffrey Dang

Dr. K.. Madhu

Dr. R. Madhu

Dr. B. Mahto

Dr. A. B. Mondal

Dr. S. K. Mukherjee

Dr. S. Dam Roy

Mr. P. V. Savant

Dr. D. R. K. Shastry

Dr. R. Soundararajan

Dr. M. V. Wafer

ANI Department Environment & Forests
ANI Department Environment & Forests (WL-1)

ANI Department Environment & Forests (Planning & Statistics)

ANI Department Information, Publicity & Tourism

Anthropological Survey of India, Port Blair

Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair

Botanical Survey of India, Port Blair

Zoological Survey of India, Port Blair

Andaman Public Works Department, Port Blair

Society for Andaman & Nicobar Ecology

Reef Watch, Port Blair

ANET

ANET

ANET

ANET

Directorate Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Port Blair

ANI Department Environment & Forests

Andaman and Nicobar Islands Environmental Team

Kalpavriksh, NBSAP-TPCG Member

University of Minnisota, USA

Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair

Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair

Directorate Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Port Blair

Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair

Directorate of Agriculture, Port Blair

Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair

ANI Department of Environment & Forests

Zoological Survey of India, Port Blair

Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair

National Institute of Oceanography, NBSAP-TPCG Member

Final Contributors

Dr. Rauf Ali
Mr. Harry V. Andrews
Mr. R S. C. Jayaraj
Mr. Ajai Saxena

Andaman and Nicobar Islands Environmental Team
Andaman and Nicobar Islands Environmental Team
ANI Department Environment & Forests
ANI Department Environment & Forests

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword

1. Executive Summary. 1

1 . 1 . The planning process. 1

i. 2 . Key issues and recommendations. 1

2 . Introduction.2

2 . 1 . Scope of the SAP.2

2 . 2 . Objectives of the SAP.2

2 .3. Methodology used.2

3. Area profile. 3

3. i. Geographical area. 3

3. 2 . Geology. 5

3 . 3 . Climate. 5

3.4. Socio-economic profile.8

3.5. Political profile. 9

3.6. Ecological profile. 10

3.7. Information on previous studies. 12

3. a. Information on previous surveys. 15

4. Current range and status of biodiversity.16

4. i. State of forest ecosystems..’.16

4 . 2 . State of agricultural ecosystems.17

4.3. State of marine ecosystems. 17

4.4. State of mangrove and coastal ecosystems. 20

4.5. State of wetland ecosystems.21

4.6. State of introduced and domesticated livestock. 21

4.7. The 2004 earthquake and the tsunami.22

s. Statement of key issues and problems.22

s. i. Loss of forest and conversion to monoculture.22

s. 2 . Decreasing agricultural productivity.25

s. 3. Damage to coral reefs.27

5 .4. Issues with mangroves.28

5. s. Issues with coastal ecosystems.28

5.6. Issues with wetlands.28

5.7. Island effects more likely to lead to species extinction.29

5 . b. Introduced domestic species: cattle and goats.29

5.9. Introduced species in the absence of predators.29

s. io. Declining tribal populations and loss of indigenous knowledge.30

s. ii. Impact of developmental activities. 31

5 . 12 . Impact of tourism. 32

s. 13 . Immigration from mainland.32

5.14. Knowledge of medicinal plants.32

5. is. Impacts of the 2004 earthquake, tectonic plate shifts and the tsunami.32

e. Identification of relevant ongoing plans and programmes. 33

6.1. Central government departments. 33

6. 2 . Union Territory Administration s Departments.36

e. 3 . Research Institutes.38

6.4. Non-governmental organizations.38

7. Identification of stakeholders.39

7.1. Central government departments. 39

7. 2 . Union Territory Administration's Departments.40

7.3. Research Institutes.40

7.4. NGOs.41

7.5. Settlers.41

7. e. Hoteliers.42

7.7. Tour operators.42

7 . b. Indigenous people.42

7 .9. Fishermen.42

7. io. Defence.43

8. Cross-cutting themes.43

8.1. Gender.43

8. 2 . Equity.43

8.3. People's Empowerment.43

9. Actions needed to plug gaps and strengthen ongoing programmes.43

9. i. Impact assessment of tourism on biodiversity.43

9. 2 . Impact assessment of forestry operations on biodiversity.44

9.3. Impact of sand mining on biodiversity.46

9.4. Impact assessment of fishing on biodiversity.47

9 .5. Impact assessment of agriculture on biodiversity.48

9 . g. Impact assessment of introduced domestic species.48

9 . 7 . Impact of medicinal plants.49

9 . a. Impact of wild relatives of cultivars.49

9.9. Encroachments and their impact on biodiversity.50

9. io. Assessment of resource use by different communities and their impact.50

9 . ii. Assessment of immigration patterns and impact of demographic pressures.50

9 . 12 . Assessment of mangroves.51

9. 13 . Assessment of coastal ecosystems.51

9.14. Assessment of wetlands.52

9. is. Assessment of coral reefs.52

9. 16 . Assessment of medicinal plants.53

9 .17. Assessment of wild relatives of cultivars.53

9. is. Trade in wildlife species and foreign poaching in coastal waters.53

9 .19. Social forestry and JFM.53

9. 20 . Protected areas management.54

9. 2 1. Areas to be added to PA network.54

9. 22 . Enumeration of biodiversity.55

9 . 23 . Threats to particular taxa.55

9 .24. Introduced species. 56

9. 25 . Alternative renewables.56

9. 26 . Awareness generation.57

10. Literature cited and selective bibliography.57

11. Action plan.76

11.1. Agriculture.76

11. 2 . Tourism.81

11.3. Animal husbandry and veterinary science projects.83

11 .4. Introduced species.85

11.5. Native communities.87

11 . 6 . Immigration.87

11.7. Research on taxa.88

11 . 8 . Multi-Sectoral.91

11.9. Environment and forests.93

12 . Annexures.101

12 . i. Appendix 1: Order of Supreme Court Ruling of 7 May, 2002

& recommendation of Shekhar Singh Commission.101

12 . 2 . Appendix 2: ANI site-specific threats.109

12.3. Appendix 3: Avifauna of AN I.Ill

12.4. Appendix 4: Amphibian fauna in ANI.116

12 .5. Appendix 5: Reptiles fauna in ANI.116

12 .6. Appendix 6: Endemic plants known from ANI.118

12 .7. Appendix 7: Butterfly species in ANI.120

12 .8. Appendix 8: Mammalian species in ANI.126

12 .9. Appendix 9: Some marine fishes around ANI coast.128

12 . io. Appendix 10: Some corals around ANI.128

12 . ii. Appendix 11: Threatened species of sharks, rays & molluscs.132

12 . 12 . Appendix 12: Seagrass species and distribution in ANI.133

12.13. Appendix 13: Mangrove species present in AN I..133

12 .14. Appendix 14: Mangrove creeks and small rivers in ANl.135

12 . is. Appendix 15: Medicinal plants of ANI and ethnobotanical information.136

12 . 16 . Appendix 16: Plants used by the Chota Nagpur community in ANI.146

12.17. Appendix 17: Marine turtle nesting sites around ANI.147

12 . is. Appendix 18: List of PAs in ANI.150

12 .19. Appendix 19: Important Bird Areas in ANI.152

12 . 20 . Appendix 20: Rare, endangered and threatened plants.153

FIGURES, BOXES & TABLES

Figure i Andaman and Nicobar Islands.4

Figure 2 The Andaman Islands.6

Figure 3 The Nicobar Islands.7

Figure 4 Distribution of indigenous groups in the Andaman Islands. 9

box i ANET studies and key conclusions. 3

Box 2 ANET’s rice yield study in the North and South Andaman Islands.14

Box 3 Summary statistics of individual boat catch rate and seasons of Crustacea.22

Box 4 ANET case study - catch effort required to catch sharks.23

Table i Vegetated area by forest types on flat lands.24

Table 2 Districtwise livestock and poultry.25

Table 3 Decline in indegenous tribal populations.26

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED

ANI

ANDE&F

ANIFPDC -

AAJVS -

AH & VS -

ANET

APWD

ASI

ATR

BSI

CARI

CCF

CWLW

DOD

DRDA

EIA

FCI

FD

FSI

GCRMN -

GEF

GIS

GPS

IBA

ICFRE

ICRMN -

MPA

IP & T

IUCN

JFM

JNRM

MGMNP

MHNP

NBRI

NTFP

NGO

PA

PF

RF

RJMNP

SACON

SANE

SAP

TPCG

UNDP

WII

WLPA

WWF

ZSI

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Andaman & Nicobar Department of Environment and Forests
Andaman & Nicobar Islands Forest Plantation & Development Corporation
Andaman Adim Janjati Vikas Samiti
Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences.

Andaman & Nicobar Islands Environmental Team

Andaman Public Works Department

Anthropological Survey of India

Andaman Trunk Road

Botanical Survey of India

Central Agricultural Research Institute

Chief Conservator of Forests

Chief Wildlife Warden

Department of Ocean Development

District and Rural Development Agency

Environmental Impact Assessment

Food Corporation of India

Forest Department

Forest Survey of India

Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network

Global Environment Facility

Geographic Information System

Global Positioning System

Important Bird Areas

Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education

Indian Coral Reef Monitoring Network

Indian Institute of Public Administration

Information, Publicity & Tourism

International Union for the Conservation of Nature

Joint Forest Management

Jawaharlal Nehru Rajkccya Mahavidyalaya

Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park

Mount Harriet National Park

National Botanical Research Institute

Non-Timber Forest Produce

Non-Governmental Organization

Protected Area

Protected Forest

Reserved Forest

Rani Jhansi Marine National Park

Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History

Society for Andaman and Nicobar Ecology

Strategy and Action Plan

Technical Policy Core Group

United Nations Development Programme

Wildlife Institute of India

Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

World Wide Fund for Nature

Zoological Survey of India

$. R. MEHTA, IFS

Principal Chief Conservator of Forests & Secretary,
Environment & Forests, Andaman & Nicobar Administration

F OREWORD

Biodiversity is the sum total of the variety and variability of plants, animals and
microorganisms. The essential goods and services provided by the biological re¬
sources of our planet depend on this variety and variability of genes, species,
populations and ecosystems and the continued interaction among them. The bio¬
logical resources provide us the food, clothing, housing and medicines, but as
a result of human activity especially overexploitation, there is a decline in the
biodiversity and this is posing a threat to human development and even existence.
The loss of biodiversity arises mainly from the habitat destruction, overexploita¬
tion of biological resources, pollution and inappropriate introduction of exotics.
The complexity of the interactions between the species in a natural ecosystem is
such that any disturbance is likely to lead to a loss of species or at least its genetic
variants, which is a permanent loss to nature and mankind.

Realizing the importance of biodiversity, India has signed the Convention on
Biological Diversity and now it is mandatory on our part to take all efforts towards
conservation and sustainable utilization of biodiversity. In order to regulate the
exploration and commercial exploitation of biodiversity of this country, to prevent
biopiracy and to safeguard our traditional knowledge in the form of Intellectual
Property Rights the Government has already come up with a Biological Diversity
Act, 2002.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands constitute one of the hotspots of biodiversity
with a variety of ecosystems such as tropical forests, wetlands, mangroves and
coral reefs. The forests of these islands are one of richest in the country in terms
of biodiversity and a large part of them still remain unexplored. Scientists have
described more than 5100 animals, including 52 mammals, 244 birds and 76 rep¬
tiles. Of the mammals 63% are endemic to these islands and the same way 39% of
birds and 32% of reptiles are endemic. Of the 2200 flowering plants described so
far, 14% are endemic to these islands and 40% of the non-endemic are not found
in mainland India. Thus every second flowering plant found in these islands is not
found in mainland India, and for this reason it is veritably a botanist’s paradise.

Biodiversity Conservation has been accorded the highest priority in the for¬
estry research programmes for these islands in the National Forestry Research
Plan and accordingly the Department of Environment and Forests has carried out
collaborative projects on biodiversity inventorisation, characterization and utili-

zation. For inventorisation of the native flora collaborative projects have been
started with Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun. In collaboration with the Dept,
of Space characterization of biodiversity at landscape level has been carried out
to identify biodiversity rich spots which are under threat or degradation due to hu¬
man interference. This shall help in management interventions by strengthening
of protection machinery in those areas or bringing such areas under the Protected
Area Network. For utilization of the biodiversity of this area for the benefit of the
local people a project on inventorization of medicinal plants has been carried out
in collaboration with the National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow. More
such projects are in the pipeline for strengthening of our knowledge on the diver¬
sity of the flora and fauna of this territory.

More of such research is required in the field of agro-biodiversity and biodi¬
versity of domestic animals, in order to utilize the genetic potential of the wild
relatives of domesticated plants and animals. When the rice fields from India to
Philippines were once affected by a serious wilt problem on an epidemic scale,
it was a wild rice called Oryza nivara from our country which provided the gene
resistant to the disease and saved these countries from disaster. A species of wild
rice namely Oryza inandamanica has been found in these islands also, and its ge¬
netic potential remains to be tapped. For coconut, these islands fall within the zone
of natural distribution and a large number of variants are noticed here. Rightly for
this reason the World Coconut Germpalsm Collection has been established here.
These islands alone have the native populations of Casuarina equisetifolia, one of
important plantation species of the country, extensively cultivated along the East
Coast of the country. Characterization of these germplasms for productivity or re¬
sistance to pests and diseases can help in breeding of these species and increasing
their productivity to a large extent.

In order to collate all the areas of research in biodiversity and to apply the
same for the purpose of conservation the Ministry of Environment and Forests
initiated action for preparation of a Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action
Plan. For these islands the Andaman & Nicobar Islands Environmental Team, a
Non-governmental organization in association with the Department of Environ¬
ment and Forests has prepared this Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action
Plan. This has been prepared after extensive consultation with all the stakehold¬
ers. The success of the effort lies in follow up actions indicated therein by all the
agencies dealing with biological resources.

S. R. MEHTA, IFS

1

1. Executive Summary

1.1. The planning process

The BSAP process for the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands was initiated in October 2000
with the constitution of a Steering Commit¬
tee vide A & N Administration’s Order No. F.
16 (G- 1)/19- 642 dated 6- 10- 2000 and the
appointment of ANET as the Nodal Agency
for preparing the SAP. A Working Group was
constituted by ANET and the AN DE & F to
prepare the BSAP and the first meeting of
the Working Group was held during Decem¬
ber 2000. At this meeting ANET presented
the BSAP process, methods and submitted a
statement of issues and problems to initiate
the process of the BSAP for the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands.

The Working Group met several times until
meetings were abandoned due to lack of quo¬
rum. A draft report was prepared by ANET, and
was circulated to all the members of the Work¬
ing Group for comments as suggested by the
Chief Wildlife Warden, the Member Secretary,
BSAP, Steering Committee. On December 10,
2001, a meeting at the Department of Environ¬
ment and Forests (AN DE & F) convened by
the CCF went over this draft and the draft was
then substantially modified and expanded.

A final meeting was held on April 12,2002,
chaired by the Chairman, Steering Committee
(PCCF & Secretary, AN DE & F). This meet¬
ing was represented by the Vice Chairman
(CCF), Member Secretary (The CWLW, AN1),
Dr. Wafar, NBSAP Technical Policy Core
Group (TPCG), and members of the working
group, several officers from the AN DE & F
and from various other departments in the is¬
lands. The final draft report that was prepared
by ANET was reviewed and discussed in de¬
tail. After the review and discussions it was
decided that a Drafting Committee be consti¬
tuted. This five-member, AN DE & F, BSI, ZS1
and ANET representatives, committee met on
various occasions and finalized the SAP final
draft report.

Various reports and documents were re¬
viewed, and intensive literature search was
conducted by ANET to keep the SAP docu¬

ment current and updated. All lists in the doc¬
ument have been compiled and updated from
existing literature.

i. 2. Key issues and recommendations

One of the most important issues in the con¬
servation of biodiversity is the assessment of
biodiversity itself. Recently, the Department
of Space, Government of India and the Depart¬
ment of Environment & Forests have jointly
characterized the biodiversity at landscape
level using satellite imagery. The study has
created a database on a GTS platform providing
information on forest cover and density, for¬
est types, land use, biological richness, frag¬
mentation and disturbed areas. Information
from this study will help in identifying areas
of priority for conservation and to strengthen
protection machinery in the areas of distur¬
bance. However, the study is limited only to
the higher plants and information is required
on the lower-plants as well as for other fauna.
Additional studies are required for assessment
of species diversify as well as genetic diversity
within the species. Assessment of biodiversity
and continuous monitoring at periodic inter¬
vals is essential for conservation.

Certain policies undertaken by the Govern¬
ment as well as the public in the ANI were
found to have adverse effects on the biodiver¬
sity. One of the most important issues iden¬
tified was allowing the increase in human
population, caused to an extent by immigra¬
tion from other parts of the country, which is
exerting pressure on the natural resources and
ecosystem of the islands. As a consequence
of this rapid increase in population there is
a demand for various amenities essential for
economic well being, which has led to exploi¬
tation of various natural resources, to an un¬
sustainable level in certain cases. For example,
sand mining resulting in loss of beach vegeta¬
tion and nesting habitats of marine turtles is
a major issue. Tourism is also identified as a
cause of concern and steps are needed to make
it environmentally sustainable. Logging is a
contentious issue with the recent order of the
Supreme Court permitting logging only for
meeting the local requirements (Appendix 1).

2

Encroachment on forest land is a major
problem and is impacting biodiversity by
fragmentation of the habitats. The Supreme
Court has ordered eviction of encroachments
and also suggested restrictions on immigra¬
tion. These measures, when implemented,
will reduce the threat to various habitats. The
threat posed by the introduced species is also
a major concern, especially in the island eco¬
system, which has a high degree of endemism
and site-specific flora and fauna. Site-specific
threats are shown in Appendix 2.

In terms of research, the priority is on a de¬
tailed survey of all major taxa for quantifica¬
tion of the species diversity and estimation of
their distribution and abundance. The endan¬
gered and endemic species will require addi¬
tional research inputs.

Action Plans are presented for each sector,
largely based on the ongoing programmes.
Implementation of these, will substantially im¬
prove the conservation of biodiversity in the
territory. For each sector, the various actions to
be taken, the implementing agencies, the time
frame, the rationale and key methods are enu¬
merated for each.

2. introduction

2.i. Scope of the SAP

This SAP covers the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands. These are a Union Territory belonging
to India, and lie between 6° 45’Nto 13° 41’N
and between 92° 12’ E to 93° 57’ E. Also con¬
sidered are the territorial waters and the Ex¬
clusive Economic Zone, since the long-term
preservation of marine and coastal and other
terrestrial biodiversity is critical to the well be¬
ing of these islands.

2.2. Objectives of the SAP

The objectives of the SAP were to identify the
problems relating to biodiversity conservation
and use, identify the ongoing programmes re¬

lating to biodiversity conservation and utili¬
zation of biological resources, both from the
Government sector and from other stakeholder
groups, identify the stakeholders, identify the
gaps in the coverage, and finally propose ac¬
tions to fill in the gaps both in knowledge and
in vision.

2. 3 . Methodology used

The information required for preparing the
SAP was obtained through several meetings
with the Government departments and other
stakeholders. Extensive literature survey was
made to make the document as current as
possible and enhanced. The following docu¬
ments have been consulted in preparing this
report:

• The State Forestry Action Programme

• Coral Reef Management Plan- UNDP
and the AN DE & F.

• Tourism plan- WTO/UNDP.

• State Forestry Research Plan - AN DE & F.

• Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002-2007) of En¬
vironment & Forests Sector- AN DE & F

• National Forestry Research Plan- ICFRE

• Protected Area Management Plans- AN
DE & F

• The Forest Statistics 1997- 1998, 1998-
1999 & 2000-2001-; 2005 AN DE & F.

• The Andaman and Nicobar Islands -
Forests and Environment- AN DF, & F.

• Setting biodiversity conservation priori¬
ties for India- WWF (India)

• Sustainable management of Protected
Areas in the ANI - ANET & ITPA.

• Master Plan for primitive tribes in ANI-
ANI Administration.

• Proc. of the seminar “Planning for Pro¬
tected Area Management in the Anda¬
man & Nicobars”.

• Biodiversity characterization at land¬
scape level in Andaman and Nicobar Is¬
lands using satellite remote sensing and
Geographic Information System- I1RS.

In addition certain studies conducted by
ANET provided useful information (Box 1).

3

Box 1 . ANET studies and key conclusions

1. A study on the shark fin industry: This study of ANET indicates that the bulk of
shark catches are by big trawlers. Artisan fishermen catch relatively less even
though more people are involved.

2. Two studies on feral animals: Studies on elephant and chital, their impact on
island ecosystems and forest regeneration. Results show that in the case of ele¬
phants damage due to debarking is now occurring on tree species that were previ¬
ously not eaten, due to the reduction in food resources. This has led to damage to
the forest. The study on chital indicates that seedling regeneration is much lower
in areas where chital are found, irrespective of past management practices (Ali,
2004; Aul, 2002a). These both indicate potential damage to regeneration, which
can change the floristic structure, suggesting that control measures are neces¬
sary.

3. Socio-economic profiling of the villagers, who live adjacent to the MGMNP in¬
dicates that the benefits from the park are going largely to outsiders and recent
immigrants (Singh et al., 2001).

4. A study of agricultural yields in South Andaman: This study showed a pattern
of declining productivity that has been documented earlier for North Andaman.
However there is currently surplus rice grown in the Andamans and there is no
market for it. Food Corporation (FCI) of India will not buy this rice as it is of sub¬
standard quality and the surplus is mainly due to the increased land area for rice
production through encroachments.

3 . Area profile

3. i. Geographical area

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are the larg¬
est archipelago system in the Bay of Bengal,
consisting of 306 islands and 206 rocks and
rocky outcrops and are latitudinally situated
between 6° 45’ N to 13° 41’ N and longitu¬
dinally 92° 12’ E to 93° 57’ E. The total geo¬
graphical area is 8, 249 km 2 with a coastline of
1, 962 km. The northern group of islands, the
Andaman group, is 6,408 km 2 and the Nicobar
group is 1,841 km 2 . This large archipelago is
separated from mainland India by almost 1000
km; the nearest landmass in the north is My¬
anmar, roughly 280 km north of Landfall Is¬
land, the northern-most island in the Andaman
Group. The closest landmass to the Great Nico¬
bar Island is Sumatra, 145 km south (Fig. 1).

The Great Andaman group of islands is
made up of North, Middle and South Andaman
Islands; with Baratang Island situated between

Middle and South Andaman Islands. Ritchie’s
Archipelago, a group of islands, is located cast
of Middle Andaman and Labyrinth group of is¬
lands is situated southwest of South Andaman.
Rutland lies southeast of South Andaman and
Little Andaman Island 55 km south of South
Andaman, across the Duncan passage. The
land area of 6408 km 2 of the Andaman Group
constitutes almost 90% (5629 km 2 ), as reserve
or protected forest of which 36% is Tribal Re¬
serve (Fig. 2). The elevation in the Andamans
is 0- 732 m. Saddle Peak in North Andaman
Island being the highest.

The Nicobar group is spread over an area
of 1841 km 2 of which 1542 km 2 are recorded
forests. The Nicobars are separated from the
Andamans by the 10° Channel, a wide gap of
160 km with heavy tidal flows, making sea
transport by small boats difficult. The Nicobars
consist of 24 islands in three distinct clusters
of which 12 are inhabited with 170 villages
and hamlets. The Northern Group consists of
Car Nicobar and Batti Malv and the central or

Landfall •

I

ANDAMAN

ISLANDS

Indian

Ocean

-Middle
Andaman

't

% South
Andaman

^ J^Port Blair
Cf-Ar^aman

Ten Degree Channel
100 mi

100 km

Car Nicobar

Andaman

Sea

NICOBAR . V

ISLANDS ^ q^bompoka

kZ«£ "~ Nanc ™v

Little

A

Great

Nicobar o Nicobar

Figure 1 . The Andaman & Nicobar Islands

5

the Nancowry Group, consists of Tillanchong,
Chowra, Teressa, Bompoka, Trinkat, Kamorta,
Katchal and Nancowry. The southern group
consists of the two large islands Little and
Great Nicobar, together with Pigeon, Mega-
pode, Kondul, Pilo Milo, Menchal, Treis, Trak
and Meroc Islands (Fig. 3). The entire Nico-
bars is a Tribal Reserve and has four Sanctuar¬
ies, three of which are islands. An area of 885
km 2 in Great Nicobar Island is designated as
the Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve and two
other areas within it as national parks; Great
Nicobar Island also has the highest peak in the
Nicobar group. Mount Thullier that is 670 m
in height. (Pande, et al, 1991; Das, 2001; An¬
drews & Sankaran, 2002).

3. 2 . Geology

The Andaman and Nicobar archipelago lies in
a crescent that stretches from Cape Negrais of
Myanmar to Banda Arc of Sumatra (Indone¬
sia). The Andamans are considered to be the
extensions of the submerged Rakhine Yomas
(Arakan Yomas) range of Myanmar, a south¬
ward trending branch of the eastern Himala¬
yas that merges in the north with the ranges in
north- east India, which forms a complex of
sub parallel north- north- east trending ridge.
The same ridge rises 135 km south of the Ir-
rawady, in the Bay of Bengal. The Mentawei
Island to the south and south- west of Sumat¬
ra are presumed to be a southern continua¬
tion of the Nicobars (Rodolfo, 1969; Weeks
et al., 1967; Das, 1999). The Nicobar group
is considered to be of volcanic origin, with
coral reefs contributing to the upheaval of
banks (Hochsletter, 1866, Tipper, 1911). The
Ritchie’s Archipelago, Baratang, Interview
and the Cocos are considered to be truncated
parts of the Rakine Yomas (Arakan Yomas).
Narcondam, a 7 km 2 island and which is 710
m above MSL, is an extinct volcano, situated
ca 70 km south of the Irrawady delta shelf
and east of North Andaman Island. The origin
of this island is believed to be from a single
eruption and dated Late Pliocene to Pleis¬
tocene (Chibber, 1934; Das, 1999). Barren
Island, with an active volcano, lies 135 km
south- southwest of Narcondam (Fig. 2).

Chemical analysis and norms of the basal¬
tic and andesitic racks of Narcondam and Bar¬
ren indicate then origin to a common magma
(Washington, 1924). The rocks are highly
folded due to frequent tectonic movements in
the past and geological formations represent
thick layers of marine sediments ranging from
late Mesozoic to Quaternary age (Karunaka-
ran et al, 1968) and the present configuration
probably took shape only 26 million years ago.
Oldham (1885), Gee (1925), Rudolfo (1969),
Rajashekhar & Reddy (2002), and Chandra et
al., (1999), Srinivasan (1979, 1986), Srinivas-
an & Azmi (1979), has previously discussed
the geology, fossils and hydrology of these
islands. The soils of AN I are of three orders,
Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols, and the
six sub orders arc Orthents, Fluvents, Psam-
ments, Aquepts, Ochrepts and Udalfs (Singh
and Mongia, 1985; Singh, et al., 1988; Ganc-
shamurthy et al., 2000). These islands are also
seismic and have been discussed by Kumar
and Bhatia (1999).

3.3. Climate

The Andaman and Nicobar archipelago is sit¬
uated in the equatorial belt and arc exposed to
marine influences and have a tropical climate,
warm, moist and equable. The temperature
ranges from 18°C to 35° C. The proximity
of the sea and the abundant rainfall prevents
extremes of heat and these islands experience
both the Northeast and the Southwest mon¬
soons. The southwest monsoon commences
during April/May accompanied by high
winds with heavy downpour right through
July to September. The northeast monsoon
usually commences dining October and rains
continue into December. The average annual
: rainfall ranges from 3,000 to 3,500 mm and
humidity varies from 66% to 85%. In some
: years the islands experience rains during all
the months of the year. Cyclones occur during
the monsoons, accompanied by very strong
winds, mainly during May and November
and in some years during mid April. A com¬
parative study on temperature and rainfall of
the Andamans has been previously discussed
by Chakravarty et al. (1987).

6

Middle

Andaman

Bay

of

Bengal

Bantang

Cotebrooke

Strait

South
Ahdaman

a.

North
Sentinel
Island Twin

Charm*

Barren i.

Ritchie’s
Archipelago

High Fbss i Andaman

jUnque blanch

t Parage L

••The Sisters

Duncan Passage

SotfhSantinetl.The Brytiers,

Sea

contour

line*

,—

Andaman

rmles

Cape

White

Paget

Point

North

Andaman <****"

Shark
North Reef IS

Interviewl

B4jE

d

htarcondam I.

Figure 2. The Andaman Islands.

7

Ca^cobar

93° E

fBatti Malv

" .

1

,4|

8° N-

1 !

II

i

Andaman Sea

^ChowiJBl

Teressa

Bompoka

uamorta

-Isle of Man

4

Sombrero Channel

Me roe# Trak

**Treis
Pulomi

Lf

o / 50

kilometer*

statute miles

93® 6

Figure 3. The Nicobar Islands.

8

3.4. Socio-economic profile

The Andaman Islands were home to several
groups of Negrito, hunter-gatherer indigenous
tribes. The most important in the last century
were the Great Andamanese people, consist¬
ing of 12 tribes that included different sects
(Portman, 1899; Cooper, 2002). These groups
of people numbered around 6000 in the 1850’s
when the islands were colonised by the Brit¬
ish for a penal colony. The British attempted
to ‘civilise’ the Andamanese people, teaching
them to eat exotic food, to wear clothes, live
in houses, schools, and hospitals and to farm.
These experiments failed, and led to the total
decimation of the Great Andamanese (Port-
man, 1899). The current number is 34 indi¬
viduals, who have been marginalized to Strait
Island on southeast coast of Middle Andaman.
Portman (1899) has reported this process in
great detail, and very clearly mentions that
the British, in all their attempts, failed and this
process should have never been attempted.

The Onge people, who inhabit Little Anda¬
man Island, were the next to be contacted in
1920, and a process similar to what happened
to the Andamanese was initiated. Their num¬
bers have drastically gone down from 500 in
1920 to 97 currently. The Onge are now con¬
fined to two areas, the mouth of the Dugong
Creek and South Bay. Their culture, their
movement patterns, their camps, problems and
impacts to their island and their resources, has
been previously discussed by several authors
(Swaminathan et al., 1971; Basu, 1990; Davi,
1990; Cooper, 1992; 2002; Pandya, 1993;
Reddy, 1994; Andrews, 2000b)

The Scntinelese and the Jarawas, the other
two tribes in the Andamans, have resisted con¬
tact until the 1960’s. The Sentinelese, number¬
ing 100- 150 (estimated), have for long inhab¬
ited North Sentinel Island, an island 60 km 2
south west of South Andaman Island. These
people have been living in total isolation for
over hundreds of years except for contact at¬
tempts made by the A & N Administration in
1967, 1991, 2000 & 2004. However there is a
lot of disturbances around their island, due to
intensive fishing, lobster collection and Myan¬
mar poachers, who dive for sea cucumber and

shells. The current status of the Sentinelese is
not yet known.

The Jarawas are confined to the west coast
of South and Middle Andaman Islands. The
contact with this tribe and its impacts has
been previously discussed by Portman (1899),
Bonington (1931), Chengappa (1958), Sarkar
(1990), Reddy (1994), Andrews (2002) and
Chandi (2002). The contact process with
some of the Jarawa people was begun in
1974 and they continued to remain hostile till
1999. Now, the contacts have increased com¬
pared to the past and this has become a mat¬
ter of major concern. The current distribution
of the indigenous groups in the Andamans is
shown in Figure 4.

The Nicobarese, people of Mongoloid ori¬
gin, occupy 12 of the 23 Nicobar group of is¬
lands. Some of them live in small villages, but
most live in smaller hamlets and in individual
family units in various locations and islands. A
number of Nicobarcsc have been assimilated
into the society brought from mainland India al¬
most totally, but resent outsiders in their islands.
Although uptil now, most Nicobar people are
referred to, in general, as ‘Nicobaris’; however
it should be understood that these people are of
several different groups with different customs,
cultures and separate dialects. These people are
probably descendcnts of different hunter-gath¬
erer from Indo-Malayan and Myanmar regions
(Andrews & Sankaran, 2002).

The Shompen, numbering 380 and of Mon¬
goloid origin, are confined to the inland for¬
ests and the east coast of Great Nicobar Island.
These people numbered in thousands and in¬
habited the coastal areas of Great Nicobar Is¬
land. Their numbers probably got reduced due
to influenza in 1918 and poliomyelitis in 1947
(Chengappa, 1953). Currently their status still
requires attention, as the male population is
higher than the female, and as males outnum¬
ber females there are few women of marriage¬
able age. The Shompen are being subjected to
the forces of assimilation similar to those the
tribal groups in the Andamans have already
undergone.

The next group of interest are the descen¬
dants of the convicts and freedom fighters, who
were jailed in these islands. They brought with

9

Figure 4. Distribution of indigenous groups in the Anda¬
man Islands.

them a culture remarkably free of communal
or caste bias, and they remain so till today.
However, they constitute a very small propor¬
tion of the population, being outnumbered by
recent immigrants. During independence in
1947, there were 3261 such families settled
here, and now they have multiplied. They oc¬
cupy the areas in and around Port Blair; and
run businesses.

There are around 3000 Karens in the is¬
lands now, with the main concentration living
just south of Mayabunder in Middle Andaman.
To work the forests, 45 Karen families from
Myanmar, were sent by the American Baptist
Mission in Myanmar at the request of the Brit¬
ish in 1925, and a number of them elected to
return to Myanmar in the 1960’s. These peo¬
ple are the descendants of the several Karen
tribes in Myanmar. After Independence the
Karen people were settled as agriculturalists
in Middle Andaman. The Karens have excel¬
lent knowledge of the forests and the seas of
the Andamans and their single keel, single log
mechanised dug out canoe (Dungi), is the most
popular in the islands used by all fishermen,
settlers and most researchers, besides govern¬
ment departments.

The current day Ranchi people in the Anda¬
mans and the Nicobars were also brought into

the islands by the British as labourers to work
the forests. These people from Chhota Nagpur
have been settled on Baratang Island and have
also spread themselves throughout the Anda¬
man and Nicobar Islands. There is a significant
proportion employed in Government jobs.

Refugees from the erstwhile East Pakistan
were brought here in the 1950’s. Settlement
was opened up in South, Middle and North
Andaman for them, and the majority of settle¬
ment in the Diglipur area occurred between
1957-1959. Between 1953 and 1972, 4212
families of refugees from East Pakistan and
landless persons from other States were settled
here under various colonization and rehabili¬
tation schemes including 297 families of Ex-
Servicemen settled on Great Nicobar Island.

In the 1960’s a group of 300 repatriates
were brought from Sri Lanka under the Shas-
tri-Sirimavo Pact and settled on Katchal Is¬
land in the Nicobars, and this population has
increased to over three thousand now. There
is controversy going on at the moment about
their settlement as the Nicobarese do not want
them there. These settlers do have an impact
on these islands including putting tremendous
pressure on the limited resources as well as in¬
creasing encroachments.

In the last three decades there has been a
spurt of immigration from mainland India,
mainly from West Bengal and Tamil Nadu.
This immigration is enhanced by subsidised
ship fares, subsidised food, and availability of
jobs on daily wages. The obvious consequence
has been encroachment on a large scale lead¬
ing to degradation of the forests and increased
pressure on natural resources.

Currently there are 503 inhabited census
villages in the ANI, of which 334 are in the
Andaman district on 11 islands and the re¬
maining 170 villages, hamlets, small seasonal
camps and individual family units are all on
12 islands in the Nicobar District (Census of
India, 2001).

3.5. Political profile

After Independence in 1947, the islands be¬
came a Union Territory of the Republic of
India. There was a Chief Commissioner ap-

10

pointed for the islands, and he was the Admin¬
istrator of these islands. This post was later up¬
graded to that of Lieutenant Governor. There
was an elected council of five counsellors that
looked after various portfolios. This has been
replaced by the Panchayati Raj, of which a 3-
tier system exists- with Zilla Parishad at Dis¬
trict level, Panchayat Samiti at middle level
and Panchayat at the village level. The islands
have one Member of Parliament in the Lok
Sabha who plays a key role in deciding the
policies to be adopted here.

3. 6 . Ecological profile

3. 6. i. Land use

Until independence in 1947, the Andaman Is¬
lands retained most of its forest cover. There
was very little demand for timber during the
colonial period. A saw mill established in 1883 ;
supplied timber to settlers around Port Blair.
Later in 1926 WIMCO set up a matchstick i
factory in Port Blair. There were only small ;
areas during this period that had been cleared,
in extreme South, Middle and North Andaman
Islands (Khan, 1983).

The 1950’s saw an explosion of settlements
as people flooded in. While during the war
years and immediately thereafter from 1942
to 1952, there was no forestry operation, this
was resumed and expanded, primarily to make
land available for the colonisation/rehabilita- ;
tion operations and to meet the industrial de¬
mands in mainland, especially of the Indian
Railways. The tribal reserves for the Jarawa
and the Onge that were notified in 1957 had
large portions dc-notificd in the 60’s and 70’s
as there was pressure for land for settlement.

A second de-notification was for the construc¬
tion of the ATR (Sarkar, 1990; Reddy, 1994).
Later, 20,000 ha from the Onge Reserve in Lit¬
tle Andaman Island were de-notified of which
1600 ha was used for red oil palm plantations
(Basil, 1990; Reddy, 1994; Andrews, 2000b.

The forests in the ANI group occupy 6264 i
km 2 or 84.4% of the total geographical area of
8,249 km 2 . Of this, 5387 km 2 is forests in the
Andaman group and 1577 km 2 in the Nicobar ;
group. Of the total geographic area, very dense

forest with more than 70% canopy density con¬
stitutes 42%, dense forest with canopy density
between 45% and 75% constitutes 34%, open
forest with crown density between 10% - 40%
constitutes 8% and non-forest most forest land
forms 16% (FS1, 2003). The legally notified
forest is 7170.69 km 2 , (86.93% of the geo¬
graphical area); of this, 4.242 km 2 are protect¬
ed forests and 2.929 km 2 are Reserved forests
(ANDE&F, 2001).

The remaining 14% of land is revenue land
and is used for human settlements, agriculture
and other human based activities. Most of the
revenue land is along coastal areas where peo¬
ple are settled. The entire coastal area is under
CRZ-IV (Coastal Regulation Zone- category
IV), and reclassification into CRZ-1 and CRZ-
11 is be forumulated. Revenue land only 21%
is under intense cultivation and another 11% is
classified as fallow land and cultivalble waste¬
land, plantation crops cover 45% of the rev¬
enue land (Sirus, 1999).

3.6. 2 . Forestry

The notified forest area in the islands is
7,170. 69 km 2 and of this 41% area is under
Tribal Reserves. The primary objective of
Forest management had been protection of
the forest ecosystem, and secondly meeting
the requirement of local industries and the
people settled here under various coloniza¬
tion schemes.

For the purpose of timber extraction and
regeneration of forests, two methods were
adopted. The selection system and clearfelling
systems, finally, after repeated experiments,
the Andaman Canopy Lifting Shelterwood
System was thought suitable and this system,
proposed by B. S. Chengappa, was continued
for forestry operations (Chengappa, 1934,
1937a, 1937b, 1944). This was meant for en¬
hancing the value of the forest in commercial
terms, and commercial species were encour¬
aged, in tune with the then National Forest
Policy of 1952. This, as envisaged, resulted
in a change of the forest composition and di¬
versity and studies in specific areas show that
these changes have occurred (Pandit, 1991).
From a biodiversity point of view, the number

11

of species might have declined through using
this system, besides causing change in mi¬
crohabitats. Several species of amphibians,
plants, insects and freshwater fish might have
been lost, in the area set aside for production
forestry. Approximately 30% of the forest
area was set aside for production forestry and
regeneration through Andaman Canopy Lift¬
ing System, leaving 70% of the area totally
protected in the Protected Area Network.
This includes tribal reserves, and remains
undisturbed except for interference from set¬
tlements. Of the area set aside for working,
about 50% has been worked till 2001, and the
balance area may not be worked in view of
the recent orders of the Supreme Court. The
changes are particularly evident wherever
there are large densities of introduced her¬
bivores such as the Chital (Axis axis) in the
Andamans, (Aul, 2002a; Ali, 2004). This is
particularly obvious in the South, Middle and
North Andamans, including some of the out¬
lying islands {Andrews & Sankaran, 2002).

Settlement has also resulted in the loss
of most of the lowland evergreen forest, and
small freshwater riverine habitats, which in¬
clude most of the Andaman teal and crocodile
nesting habitats in the Andamans (Andrews &
Whitaker, 1994a,b; Vijayan, 1996a; Vijayan,
1997; Andrews, 1999; 2000c; 2001). These flat
lands close to freshwater streams were thought
to be the most suited for agriculture and were
preferentially cleared. There is, currently, very
little of the lowland forest type left in the An¬
damans except in Protected Areas and in the
Jarawa Reserve along the west coast of South
and Middle Andaman Islands.

The Nicobar Islands, on the other hand,
have had a long history of horticulture, and
sections of coastal forests were selectively
cleared to an extent by the Nicobari people
to let coconut trees regenerate together with
other forest species that are utilized from time
to time, cither for food or construction. Since
1996 clearings have occurred on the south east
coast of Great Nicobar Island and in the Nan-
cowry group. Clearing here has also concen¬
trated on coastal lowland forest. This, in turn,
has affected the habitat of important endemic
birds such as the Nicobar Megapode, (Sanka¬

ran, 1995a) as well as Giant Robber Crab, salt
water crocodiles and sea turtles on the south
east coast of Great Nicobar Island (Andrews et
al., 2001a; Andrews & Sankaran, 2002).

3.6.3, Endemicity

One of the major significance of ANI is not
only the species richness but also the high
level of endemism. Overall, 9% of the fauna
is endemic including 40% of the 244 species
and subspecies of birds are endemic (Appen¬
dix 3). In mammals, 60% of the 58 species
are endemic. The ANI supports a significant
diversity of reptile and amphibians with a
high level of endemism. Currently 7 amphib¬
ians and 16 reptile species are endemic to the
Andamans and 2 amphibians and 15 reptiles
are endemic to the Nicobars. (Das, 1994,
Andrews and Whitaker, 1998; Das, 1999;
Andrews, 2001; Andrews & Sankaran, 2002)
(Appendix 4 & 5). Representing 700 genera
and belonging to 140 families, about 14% of
the angiosperm species arc endemic to the is¬
lands. Among the non-endemic angiosperms,
about 40% are not found in mainland India,
but have only extra-Indian distribution in
South East Asia. (Rao, 1996) (Appendix 6).
There are 120 orchid species reported from
both island groups, of which eight arc listed
as rare and endangered. Ellis (1987) reported
120 species of ptcridophytic flora from 36
families for both island groups. Awasthi and
John (1987) recorded 51 resource potential
species from Great Nicobar Island as having
21 uses and Ellis (1989) reported some more
exploitable plants species.

The butterfly diversity and endemism is
also very high. Of the 214 species and 236 sub¬
species in 116 genera, over 50% are endemic
(Khatri, 1993). Although there are no large
mammals other than the wild pig in the ANI,
there are several small mammals and several
of these are endemic (Appendix 8). This en¬
demism is due to the isolation from mainland
Asia (Das, 1999). Considering the size and
area of the islands, loss of habitat leading to
extinctions will have far greater consequences
in terms of the loss of genetic diversity than
comparable areas elsewhere. A rough ealeu-

12

lation using island biogeography theory indi¬
cates that with forest down to 86% of what it
used to be, about 4. 5% of species may have
been lost.

3. 7. Information on previous studies

Studies carried out relating to biodiversity and
allied subjects by various organizations are
listed below:

3.7.1. ANET

• Distribution and biogeography of her-
petofauna of the ANT.

• Protected Area Management Planning.

• Ecology, behaviour and demography of
the Andaman day gecko

• Terrestrial behaviour and geographical
variation in the Yellow lipped sea krait
in Andamans.

• Distribution & biogcography of reptiles
and amphibians in the ANT.

• Sea turtle status surveys, studies and
their conservation ANT.

• Ecology, status and conservation of salt¬
water crocodiles in ANI

• Utilization patterns of forest produce at
Wandoor Village.

• Ecological appraisals of RJMP, Ml. Har¬
riet NP, Little Andaman Island

• Botanical appraisals of RJMP, Mt.
Harriet NP, Saddle Peak NP, MGMNP
&Wandoor

• Socio-economic studies of MGMNP,
RJMNP, Saddle Peak NP and Mt. Har¬
riet NP

• Impact of elephants on island ecosys¬
tems

• Tourism assessments South Andaman
Island

• Wetlands assessment of Andamans, Lit¬
tle Andaman and Great Nicobar Islands.

• Water management at Wandoor Village.

• Census and impact of feral elephants on
Interview Island.

• Impact of spotted deer on natural regen¬
eration of small island ecosystems- MG¬
MNP.

• Shark fin harvest in the Andaman Is¬
lands.

• Ecology and status of hats of ANI.

• Ecology of the Great Nicobar tree
shrew.

• Impact assessments around Little Anda¬
man Island and the Jarawa Reserve.

• Impact assessment of the 2004 quake
and tsunami.

3. 7. 2. BNHS

• Inventory and distribution of birds &
bats in ANI.

• Important Bird Areas ANI.

3. 7. 3. BSI

• Preparation of flora of the ANI.

• Enumeration of area wise distribution &
species analysis of mangrove vegetation

• Study on wild relatives of crop plants of
ANT.

• Study on wild ornamental plants of
ANI.

• Establishment of botanical gardens at
Dhanikari and Kalpong,

• Establishment of a orchidarium and a
Fern house

• Studies on economical important plants
and wild edible fruits

3. 7. 4. CARI

• Ecological considerations and agricul¬
tural development of ANI

• Insects of agricultural importance in ANI.

• Rice based cropping system for Bay Is¬
lands.

• Plantation based cropping system for
Bay Islands.

• Exotic flora and fauna in ANI.

• Fodder resources of Bay Islands.

• Corals of ANI - a status report.

• Under utilized tropical fruits of Bay Is¬
lands.

• Indigenous poultry gennplasm of ANI.

• Feral goat: Unique germplasm of Barren
Islands.

13

• Unicellular algae in ANT.

• Anemone fishes in ANI.

• Butterflies of ANI

3.7 . 5. CAS in Marine Biology

• Marine resources of Great Nicobar Is¬
land.

3. 7. 6. Delhi University

• Ecosystem dynamics and plant-animal
interactions in the Great Nicobar Bio¬
sphere Reserve.

3.7.7. Dept, of Space (IIRS, ISRO,
NRSA, VSSAC), Govt, of India.

• Characterization of biodiversity at land¬
scape level

• Development of a GIS based informa¬
tion system on natural resources.

3.7.8. ANDE&F

• Flora of Andamans

• Forest regeneration

• Forest utilization

• Regeneration of padauk

• Teak plantations

• Mangrove area management

• Timber properties

• Working Plans

• Management plans of MGMNP and Mt.
Harriet NP.

• Status of corals in ANI.

• Phenology.& nursery behaviour of flora

• Introduction trials of exotics

• Plantation trials of native species

• Growth and increment studies of native
species

• Survey of grasses

• Forest statistics

• ANI forest & environment

3.7.9. Fishery Survey of India

• Fisheries potential of ANI.

• Socio economics of fishermen

3.7.10. FSI

• State of forest reports.

• Pre-investment surveys

• Report on forest regeneration in the AM.

3. 7.11. ICFRE

• Revision of Parkinson’s flora

• Planting stock improvement (Establish¬
ment of SPAs/ Seed orchards)

3. 7.12. MPA

• Directory of national parks and wildlife
sanctuaries for the A & N.

3.7.13. JNRM

• Butterflies

• Mangroves

3. 7. 14. KFRI

• Studies on rattans (canes)

3.7. is. NAEB (RC) at Jadavpur
University

• Eco-tourism

• Utilization of minor forest produce

• Regeneration survey

3. 7.16. NBRI

• Medicinal Plants- inventories

3.7.17. Pondicherry University

• Impact of Andaman shelterwood system

• Birds of MGMNP

• Bird survey of selected islands in the
Andamans

• Butterfly survey of selected islands in
the Andamans

• Ecology and behaviour of Nicobar
macaques

• Forest tree diversity of moist evergreen
forest in Andamans.

Box 2. ANF.T’s rice yield study in the North and South Andaman Islands

Rice yield decline in North Andaman Is¬
land: A study, conducted in 1999, shows
that productivity of rice has declined
from what it was 40 years ago: from 5.24
tonnes/ha to 1.57 tonnes/ha, suggesting
that converted rainforest soils cannot sus¬
tain rice farming for long periods (Ali,
2000). However, Dept, of Agriculture
statistics show that rice production is now
2.68 tonnes/ha. In North Andaman they
have no figures for past production. It is
stated that rice production in North An¬
daman has in fact increased as there was
a shift from cultivation of C - 14 -8 to
high yielding varieties of rice and more
areas were brought under HY Vs. The two
methods need to be reconciled. However,
rice yields have declined and rice farming
needs to be phased out because of this. Al¬
ternative land uses include agro forestry,
involving a mix of vanilla, bamboo, rattan
and timber species.

Changes in rice production between I960 and 1997

1960 Production (kg/ac)

Rice yield decline in South Andaman: A
study at Wandoor and Manjeri compar¬
ing the current production with that of
30 years ago has shown that the yield has
dropped from 3.80 tonnes/ha in 1970 to

1.80 tonnes/ha now (Singh, et al., 2002).
A comparison between the Wandoor and
the Saddle Peak data indicates that, if the
current trends continue, rice production is
projected to drop to zero by the year 2015
at Saddle Peak. Whatever yield there is
likely to be will be due to massive inputs
of fertilisers.

Production in crop yield over 30 years in Wandoor
5000 0 .

~ 3750.04
£

£ 1250.0*

•' P

- 4 . •

0.0 20004) 4000.0 0000.0 8000,0

Yield / ha In 1970 (Kg)

Model Estimation Section

Parameter Parameter Asymptotic Lower Upper

Name Estimate Standard Error 95%C.L. 95%C.L.

A 0.4422972 2.721302E-02 0.3866403 0.497954

Decline in production of rice witti age of field

100 , 0 ^.

| 75.01

a.

■I 500

o

*

& 250

25.0 50.0

Age of field

By the year 2015 the yields in North An¬
daman will have declined to nothing if the
current trends continue!

15

• Vascular epiphytes in South Andaman
Island

3. 7.18. SACON

• Ecology, distribution and conservation
of the Nicobar megapode

• Ecology, distribution and conservation
of the Andaman teal

• Ecology, distribution and conservation
of the Andaman crake

• Status and conservation of the Narcon-
dam hombill

• Census and impact of feral elephants on
Interview Island.

• Conservation and ex-situ farming of the
edible-nest swiftlet.

• Ecology of the edible-nest swiftlet.

• Impact assessment of the 2004 quake
and tsunami.

3. 7.19. WII

• Survey of coral diversity & land use in
the MGMNP

3 . 7 . 20 . WWF-India

• Biodiversity characterization and con¬
servation Project.

♦ Prioritizing sites for biodiversity conser¬
vation

3. 7. 21. ZSI

• Mangrove fauna

* Reef fishes of ANT.

* Fish families Siganidae and Acanthuri-
dae

• Commercial fish families Caesiaridac
and Mullidae

• Echinodermata of Nicobars

* Study of coral reefs

3 . 8. Information on previous surveys

• Birds- ANT (BNHS & SACON)

* Birds- selected Andaman Islands (Pon¬
dicherry University)

Butterflies ANI (JNRM, Pondicherry
University & ZSI)

Butterflies-selected Andaman Islands
(Pondicherry University & CARI)

Bats-ANI (ANET)

Coral reefs (AN DE & F, WIT, CARI &
ZSI)

Fishes of ANI (ZSI, CARI & ANET)
Forest surveys (AN DE & F, FSI & IC-
FRE)

Fresh water fishes - Andamans
(ANET)

Herpetofauna ANI (ANET & ZSI)
Floristic survey of grasses (AN DE & F
and BS1)

Herpetofauna- ANI & Great Nicobar
Biosphere Reserve (ANET)

Floristic Survey of Great Nicobar Bio¬
sphere Reserve (BSI)

Floristic Survey of Saddle Peak National
Park Area (BSI & ANET)

Floristic Survey of Mount Harriet Na¬
tional Park (BSI & ANET)

Floristic Survey of MGMNP (BSI &
ANET)

Floristic Survey of RJMNP (BSI &
ANET)

Floristic Survey of Kalpong Hydro-
Electric Project Area (BSI)

Floristic Survey of Grasslands of Nan-
cowry Islands (BSI)

Floristic Survey of Barren Islands (BSI)
Floristic Survey of Reserve Forests
of Shompen & the Jarawa Reserves
(BSI)

Mariculture potential of ANI - an indica¬
tive survey. (CARI)

Medicinal plants (AN DE & F, NBRI,
BSI, ANET & CARI)

Mangroves (JNRM)

Marine Turtles AN I (ANET)

Socio economic status of fishermen in
Andamans. (Fisheries Dept, CARI &
ANET)

• Socio economic survey of MGMNP,
SPNP, MHNP & RJMNP (ANET &
WII)

• Saltwater crocodiles ANI (ANET)

• Survey of fungi (AN DE & F and FRI)

16

4. Current range and status of biodiversity

4 . i. State of forest ecosystems

Till 1870 there were no records of commer¬
cial exploitation of forest products. Irregular
and selective felling remained confined to
commercially important species. Rapid for¬
est activities started after Independence and
a number of industries based on limber came
up. One of the most productive systems ex¬
ists here and has trees (592 sp.) shrubs (320
sp.), climbers (175 sp.) and herbs (491 sp.).
16.18% of the forest area is under tribal re¬
serve, 13.57% are mangrove and 7.4% are
managed under national parks and sanctuar¬
ies. In total 69.58% of the forest area (4989.90
km 2 ) is protected in the form of tribal reserves,
national parks and sanctuaries, and further
in the form of mangrove conservation work¬
ing circle and protection working circle even
within the area covered by working plans.
30.41% of the forest area (2180.79 km 2 ) was
set aside for forestry operations and till 2002
only 15.49% of the forest area (1110.52 km 2 )
had been regenerated under the Andaman
Canopy Lifting System. The future operation
for timber extraction, solely for meeting the
local requirements, shall remain confined to
this area of 1110.52 km 2 already extracted and
regenerated, in terms of the recent order of the
Supreme Court. The rest oflhe forest area will
come under protection.

Some important forest species include:

Dipterocarpus alatus, D. grandi/lora, D.
pilosus, D. costatus, Artocarpus chaplashu,
A. gomeziana, CalophyUum soultari, Amoora
wallichi, Pterocymbium tinctorium, Gnetum
scandens, SideroxyJon longipetiolatum, Cro¬
ton argyratus, Mesua ferrea, Canarium manii,
Euphorbia trigona, Pterygota alata, Dillenia
pentagyna, Clerodendron viscosum, Ceri-
ops tagal, Diospyros marmorata, Ventilago
sp. Acacia sp., Manilkara Iittoralis, Morinda
citrifolia, Erythrina variegiata, CalophyUum
innophyllum, Thespesia popidnea, Hibis¬
cus liliaceus, Crinum asiaticum, Vigna retus,
Colubrina asiatica, Caesalpinia bonducella,
shrubby growths, canes, surface creepers and
bamboo.

Economically important species include:

Pterocarpus dalbergiodes, Sageraea ellip-
tica, Diospyros marmorata, Murraya exotica,
Terminalia bialata, Terminalia procera, Ter-
minalia manii, Madhuca butyracea, Pajanelia
rheedii, Albizia lebhek, Artocarpus gomeziana,
Planchonia andamanica, CalophyUum ino-
phyllum, Lagerstroemia hypoleuca, Parishia
insignis, Artocarpus chaplasha, Hopea odo-
rata, Adenanthera pavonina, Dipterocarpus
spp. , bamboos and canes.

The islands are at a critical juncture, and
any further disturbance, whether due to immi¬
gration and encroachment, over-fishing or log¬
ging, is likely to have serious effects in terms
of the loss of biological diversity. Since island
ecosystems are small, fragile and unique un¬
like continental ecosystems, the problem of
very restricted distribution for some species
comes in. This, together w'ith the presence of
endemics, is central to biodiversity conser¬
vation in an island ecosystem. Management
systems are required to be more conservation
oriented for the long-term protection of many
such species.

One of the main used forest ecosystems
is the removal of non-timber forest produce
(NTFP). NTFP in the islands, which are com¬
monly used and being collected at present, in¬
clude:

• Canes - suitable for walking sticks, bas¬
ket making and furniture;

• Honey - available from the forest as an
important source of food for the tribals.

• Bamboo - plays a major role in construc¬
tion, fencing, baskets and mats in rural
areas

• Poles - used as a construction material

• Fuel Wood - the main source of fuel in
most rural areas

• Edible tubers form a major part of tribal
diet

Besides above, there are other NTFP like
gums and resins, fruits/ seeds, etc., which may
serve as a potential source of NTFP after their
proper studies and surveys/ assessment about
availability are made. However, due to eco¬
logical considerations, the collection of fruits
and seeds is not permitted and these forests are
allowed to naturally regenerate.

17

Forests are down to 84% of what they used
to be, and probably another 10-20% is affected
by human activity. This could lead to a long¬
term reduction of between 4. 5- 13% of the is¬
lands terrestrial endemic fauna and flora (This
is derived by using Z=0.301 in applying the
MacArthur & Wilson theory of island bioge¬
ography) (MacArthur & Wilson, 1967).

4. 2. State of agricultural ecosystems

The land that was brought under agriculture
by 1981 was 14, 953 ha and by end of 1992
the land under rice was 12, 000 ha. Current¬
ly it is over 53, 315 ha and of this 27, 890 ha
are under coconut and areca nut plantations.
This area is decreasing due to urbanisation,
industrialisation and the intrusion of sea¬
water. Socio- economic surveys conducted
around two national parks show that only
41 % of villagers raise paddy and plantation
crops and 54% raise plantation crops alone
(Singh, 1997; Ali 2000).

Agricultural ecosystems have been adapted
almost in toto from mainland India. Very few
indigenous varieties are used and only a lit¬
tle germplasm of different crops is available
here. Wild rice species have been reported
from Saddle Peak area and Rutland Island
(Ellis, 1987a; b). The islands also fall within
the geographical distribution of coconuts and
wild germplasm may be available here. On the
whole, loss of agricultural diversity will not
be a serious issue here. The exception to this
is the necessity for an effort to identify more
wild relatives of cultivars.

According to estimates concluded by the
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN,
ANT can support three persons/ha. at an inter¬
mediate level of agriculture and five persons/
ha. at a level of intensive and technologically
advanced agriculture. The 1989 production
rate is not a significant increase since then, the
Andamans can only support 1. 6 persons/ha.
Current increase in population trends, clearly
indicate that the agriculture carrying capacity
has been well surpassed (Sirus, 1999; Andrews
& Sankaran, 2002).

However, a decline in rice yields has been
found in two areas in North and South Anda¬

man Islands and there is a surplus of locally
grown rice in the Andamans (Box: 2). Fun¬
gal infestation at the harvest and post harvest
yields has made rice farming unremunerative
in a number of areas. Fanners do not, at the
moment, want to phase out this cultivation
because it is used for personal consumption
and in exchange for labour. The quality is sub
standard and FCT will not procure it and most
people in the islands prefer purchasing rice im¬
ported from Chennai, which indicates that the
standard of living has gone up. The decline in
yields is likely to result in considerable pres¬
sure on the surrounding forests and seas, and
this has consequences for the richness of these
forests, marine resources and coral reefs.

Due to better opportunities and alternative
source of income in the forestry, business and
fishery sectors relatively few people are en¬
gaged in agriculture (16% in cultivation and
4% as agricultural labourers). In fact for a lot
people agriculture in the islands is treated as a
secondary enterprise. Minor irrigation is still
scarce in Andamans. By digging ponds and
collecting rainwater for dry season crops (for
which government assistance is available) an
area of 952 ha has been brought under the mi¬
nor irrigation scheme.

Fertilizer used by the farmers (approx. 5
kg/a. or less) is causing low crop productiv¬
ity. The use of pesticides and chemical ferti¬
lisers is, however, resulting in damage to the
ecosystems here and there is paucity of data
from the islands. The consumption of pesti¬
cides, though on the rise is constrained by the
heavy rainfall that results in higher applica¬
tions being necessary. It is also constrained by
lack of availability. However pesticide usage
is high in Diglipur area in North Andaman Is¬
land, Middle, South, Little Andaman, Neil and
Havelock Islands, around where some of the
best mangroves, fresh water streams and coral
reefs occur.

4.3. Slate of marine ecosystems

The ANI coastline is 1,962 km and around 35,
000 km 2 of continental shelf that provides po¬
tential fishing grounds. The 200 miles of Ex¬
clusive Economic Zone (EEZ), around A & N

18

group of islands, is vast and covers a sea area
of 0. 6 million km 2 , which is about 30% of the
EEZ of India. The Census of India (1991) esti¬
mated the fisheries potential as 160,000 tonnes
of which 100, 000 tonnes as tuna and tuna-like
fishes. Reports by CARI show that out of the
total 130,000 tonnes of pelagic stock, only 13,
200 tonnes are currently exploited (Soundara-
rajan, unpub.). The Fisheries Department has
reported that the fisheries potential is 1,48,000
tonnes and the current total catch is 28,000
tonnes. Currently there arc 2,721 fishermen
who ply around 1,810 boats around ANI (Si-
rus, 1999; Fisheries report, 2001; Andrews &
Sankaran, 2000; John et al., 2005; Singh &
Andrews, 2003).

The ANI did not have any fishing commu¬
nity and the fisheries sector began by bring¬
ing fishermen families from the mainland and
settling them on the islands. The Department
of Fisheries was set up by the ANI Adminis¬
tration in the islands in 1955. Since then fish¬
ermen from Kerala and Andhra Predash were
settled in the islands. The ANI Administration
provided these people with land, housing,
loans and fishing equipment. CARI and the
Fisheries Department are also trying to devel¬
op inland aquaculture.

Efforts have been made by the ANI Admin¬
istration to promote the growth of commercial
fishing, storage, marketing and exports. They
have set up the ANI Integrated Development
Corporation (ANIIDCO). ANIIDCO has float¬
ed a company, the Andaman Fisheries Lim¬
ited (AFL). AFL has set up cold storage and
processing plants. The Marine Products Ex¬
port Development Authority funded by DOD
is also in the process of implementing a dem¬
onstration project for prawn farming. Howev¬
er there is a lack of co-operatives of self-help
groups among fishing communities and the
settlers (Sirus, 1999; Singh et al., 2002; Singh
& Andrews, 2003).

The Bay islands enjoy the status of an ar¬
chipelago and geographically they are close
to Indo-Malayan region, which is supposed to
have contributed as a faunistic centre to the re¬
cruitment of fauna in the regions of Indo-Wcst
Pacific. Because of limited studies on marine
fauna of the ANT, the nature of their evolu¬

tion as isolated populations are little known.
Nevertheless, it has been clear from the avail¬
able literature that many marine fauna of these
islands arc similar to those of hido-west Pa¬
cific.

4. 3. 1 . Fish

The area available for fisheries around the An¬
damans is 16,000 km 2 . The fisheries potential
is estimated at 1,48,000 tonnes, as against a
current (official) catch of 28,000 tonnes. 17%
of this is estimated to come from coral reef
areas. The vast potential can be envisaged
from the following facts that 1/3 of EEZ of
our country lies around Andaman and Nico¬
bar Islands and 1/4 of total coastal area of our
country also belongs to ANT. Shark, sardine,
mackerel, trevelly, catfish, mullet, ribbonfish,
barracuda, grouper, snapper, seer fish and
tuna form important fish groups in commer¬
cial fishery. Recently certain heavily exploited
and endangered marine fishes have been ac¬
corded protection under the WLPA, 1972 such
as Whale Shark, Giant Grouper, Sawfish and
six other species of sharks.

More than 1150 fish species in 507 genera
and of 151 families have been recorded from
the seas around ANI. These species occur in
coastal waters, offshore, brackish water and
in freshwater systems (Davi & Rao. 2003a;
2003b; Rajan, 2001; 2003; Rajan, et al., 1993;
Rao, 2004; Rao, & Devi, 2003; Rao, & Devi,
2004; Rao ct al., 2000), (Appendix 9).

4. 3. 2 . Reefs

ANI are fringed by one of the most spectacular
and extensive reefs in the world and currently
they are not only significant for the Indian
Ocean region but is also globally significant
(Kulkami, 2000; Vousden, 2001; Turner ct
al., 2001, Andrews & Sankaran, 2002). How¬
ever, the extent of reefs in the ANIs not accu¬
rately known yet. Spare Applications Centre,
Ahmedabad reported 744.70 km 2 as the coral
reef area (SAC, 1998). Recent surveys report
the extent as 11, 939 km 2 (Turner et al., 2001).
Pillai (1972) reported 68 species belonging to
31 genera and the same author in 1983 report-

cd 135 species for both island groups. Wafar
(1992) also identified 135 species in 59 gen¬
era and the same author in 1996 calculated the
reef extent for A & N as 11,000 km 2 , Qasim
(1998) reported 189 species for ANI. Outside
of MGMNP, very few studies have been done
previously. A survey conducted by ZSI in col¬
laboration with UNDP reported 197 species of
corals within 58 genera with an average of 65
species at the 13 different sites sampled (Vous-
den, 2001; Turner et al., 2001). They also re¬
ported the extent as 11, 939 km 2 that includes
lagoons, banks, reef slopes and reefs. The total
area of reef flat was estimated to be 259 km 2 ,
providing a total area of shallow reef of 520
km 2 around North Andamans alone. Species
numbers ranged from 44- 89 and averaged 65
species per site. These same authors have re¬
ported that the Andaman reefs consist of about
83% of maximum coral diversity found any
where in the world and is equal to the ‘Coral
Triangle’ off Indonesia. They estimate about
400 species could emerge after further surveys.
However, over 250 species have been reported
by Kulkarni (2001; 2002), Turner ct al (2001)
(Appendix 10).

There are two protected areas for reefs in
the Andamans, the MGMNP and the RJMP
and both have adjoining reefs that need inclu¬
sion. There are also large areas of reef out¬
side these PA’s that are largely ignored, with
very little protection efforts going into them.
A study of the marine fauna in the MGMNP,
Wandoor, and South Andaman was conduct¬
ed by a project sponsored by the Science and
Technology Department of A & N Administra¬
tion. During this survey 115 coral species were
recorded within this NP alone, which included
new records for the islands (Kulkarni, 2000).
The same author on a follow up survey around
Andamans reported 189 species with, again,
several new records for the islands (Kulkarni,
2001 ; 2002 ).

AN! have the last pristine reefs in the In¬
dian Ocean region, and are emerging as one
of the most important coral reef sites in the
world. Currently reefs have become globally
threatened due to various environmental and
climatic factors along with greater use of their
resources both directly such as over fishing

and indirectly through recreational tourism.
All scleractinian corals and some associated
reef fauna such as sea cucumbers and giant
grouper have been brought under the purview
of the WLPA, 1972 under Schedule I. Nine
species of molluscs have also been placed in
various Schedules of WLPA, 1972.

The 2004 M 9.0 earthquake and the sub¬
sequent tectonic plate shifts caused extensive
upheaval of reefs in Andamans, which are now
dead reef flats. The high intensity force of the
tsunami and the subsidence of the islands in
the Nicobars and south Andamans, have de¬
stroyed coral reefs to very great extent. The
extent and current status has been reported
(Andrews & Vaughan, 2005; Ramachandran,
2005; Sankaren, 2005).

4 . 3 . 3 . Crustaceans

Two groups of crustaceans namely, microcrus-
tacea and macrocrustacea exist. The former
includes copepods, ostracods, and cladocer-
; ans. The latter include lobsters, crabs and
prawns. More than 400 species of crustaceans
have been recorded which include 14 species
of barnacles (sub class: Cirripcdia); 146 spe¬
cies of prawns, shrimps and allied forms (sub
class: Malacostraca; order: Decapoda; subor¬
der: Ntantia); 217 species of crabs and allied
forms (suborder: Reptantia), 7 species of lob¬
sters and 37 species of mantis shrimps (order:
Stomatopoda),

Among lobsters, seven species have been
known: Panulirus spp. (six) and one Limiparus
\ sp. The most common species are Panulirus
versicolor and P. longopes. P. penicolletus and
I P. ornatus occur in deeper waters. Linparus
\ sp. has been found as an important lobster re¬
source in trawl catches along the east coast of
the Andamans. The deep-sea lobster Purulus
sewelli is also an important exportable lobster
resource, caught off Andamans; both along
; the east and west coasts and being exported to
; Malaysia and Singapore.

4 . 3 . 4 . Molluscs

These constitute a very large group as sea-
shells and they exhibit diversity in shape, size.

20

colour and form. The Gastropoda have single
shells, many of which have high commercial
value because of their beautiful colouration
and shape. The bivalves have two shells and
many of them serve as edible seafood. The
nudibranchs have no shell and have little eco¬
nomic importance. The Cephalapods are fast
swimming molluscs such as squids and octopi,
and have a high commercial value. There are
primitive molluscs like Chiton that live adher¬
ing to inter-tidal rocks.

4.3. 5 . Gastropods

Some of the important gastropods which are
rare on the mainland coast are top shell ( Tro-
chus), turban shell {Turbo), king shell {Cassis
comuta ) and queen shell (Cyprecasis rufa).

Pearl oysters have very high commercial
value as they produce pearls. Five species have
been known and among them blacklip pearl
oyster, Pinclada margaritifera is predominant.
The pearl culture technique for this species is
yet to be developed in India. The most used
species in India is P. fucata and it is rare in
these islands. The very highly valued large
pearl oyster species, P. maxima is presumed to
occur in these islands, even though it has not
been authentically collected from Andaman
waters so far.

4.3. 6. Giant clams

Four species are known to occur and among
them Tridacna crocea is most abundant. T.
maxima has commercial value. The other two
species T. squamosa and Hippopus hippopus
arc rare. Tridacna maxima and T. squamosa
which grow very large (a few hundred kg in
weight), can be cultured. Current threatened
species of sharks, rays and molluses are shown
in Appendix. 11.

4.3.7. Sea grasses

Of the 14 species known from the Indian seas,
nine have been reported from around the An¬
daman and Nicobar Islands. Just around RJM-
NP eight and seven species have been reported
around two islands and meadow sizes ranging

from 0. 3-3 km long and accounting for 80%
sea grass cover, where as it is only 67-76 % for
the rest of the Andamans. After the 2004 tsu¬
nami damage to meadows, to an extent, in the
Nicobars has been report by Sankaren (2005).
Species richness for several areas and extent of
meadows has also been reported (Das, 1996)
(Appendix 12).

4. 4 . State of mangrove and coastal eco¬
systems

The estimated area of mangroves in 1957 in
the islands was about 105,694, 116,640,117,
100 hectares (Mathunda, 1967; Wahccdkhan,
1957; Sahni, 1957). Another estimate done in
1986/1987 using LANSAT imagery estimat¬
ed a total of 111 km 2 for ANI of which 287
km 2 is for the Nicobars. Another estimate in¬
dicated 1012 km 2 as the extent (Balakrishnan,
1989). The 1999 estimate by FSI was 966
km 2 . Their recent estimate in 2003 is 644 km 2
in Andaman and 27 km 2 in Nicobars (FSI,
2003). Dagar (1982) Mall et al (1982) have
reported on the ecology, and Debnath (2004)
has discussed the extent and distribution in
ANI. It is known that mangroves form the
feeding grounds for commercially important
finfish’s and crustaceans. Mangrove areas are
also known for their diversity of various ma¬
rine organisms.

ANI mangroves have 253 species of fish,
410 species of polychaetes, and 53 species of
meiofauna associated with them. It is clear that
any degradation of coastal ecosystems such as
coral reefs and mangroves will have an adverse
impact not only on the unique biodiversity of
fragile coastal ecosystems but also on coastal
fisheries and tourism, which is becoming the
mainstay of the island’s economy.

There are 58 mangrove species found in
the islands. These include Rhizophora mucro-
nata, R. Candelaria, Bruguiera conjugata, B.
parviflora, Avicennia, Xylocarpus sp., Ceriops
tagal, Sonneratia sp., Lumnitzerasp. Kandelia
kandel, and Acanthus ilicifolius (Balachandra,
1998; Dagar etal, 1991; Dagar & Dagar, 1999;
Debnath, 2004) (Appendix 13).

Dagar and Sharma (1989) have reported on
the impacts of development in the Andamans,

21

on mangroves and Singh et al (1990) on hu¬
man impacts.

4. 5 . State of wetland ecosystems

Freshwater wetland ecosystems of the islands
have at least two restricted range endemic bird
species; Andaman crake and Andaman teal i
(Andrews & Whitaker, 1994a; Vijayan, 1996a; |
b; Vijayan & Sankaran, 2000), besides being ;
very important nesting habitat for the saltwa- i
ter crocodile and feeding areas for bat species.
Swampy areas in lowland evergreen forests
have been almost totally destroyed by con¬
version to agriculture and land fills, with the
only substantial tracts remaining in Baratang
and Little Andaman Islands, and the Jarawa
Reserve off the west coast of South and Mid¬
dle Andamans (Andrews & Whitaker, 1994a; :
Andrews, 1999; 2000 b; 2000 c; 2001; 2002). j
Little Andaman Island has wetland ecosys¬
tems found nowhere else in the AN1. These
include long stretches of freshwater streams,
open saline marshes, peat bogs and large tracts
of freshwater grassy marshes (Andrews, 2000
b; Andrews & Sankaran, 2002).

Open swamps have also been drained in j
a number of places, making this an increas¬
ingly rare habitat. Demarcating and protecting
these becomes a priority task. There are also
significant wetlands in revenue areas that need
protection. Areas exist in Chouldhari, Bamboo
Flat, Sippighat, Wandoor, Baratang, Mayabun-
der and North Andaman Island.

There are no large rivers in ANI however
the ANI is interlaces with several freshwater
streams and most of these drain into a mo-
saic of mangrove creeks and these arc listed ■
in Appendix 14. These streams and creeks are j
very important ecosystems and are habitats for i
some of the mega species, the Andaman teal, !
Andaman crake, several freshwater fish spe- ;
cies not recorded before and new to science, j
roosting habitat for fruit bats, nesting habitat
for the Andaman crested serpent eagle, salt- i
water crocodiles inhabit the mangrove creeks ;
and marshes, and females crocodiles use the
banks of freshwater streams for nesting and
hatchlings and juveniles crocodiles inhabit
the freshwater streams (Andrews & Whitaker,

1994a; b; Vijayan, 1996a; Andrews, 1999;
2002; Andrews & Sankaran; 2002; Ah et al.,
2002; Aul; 2003). The impacts and pressures
have been previously discussed (Dagar &
Sharma, 1989; Singh et al., 1990; Andrews &
Whitaker, 1994; Vijayan, 1996a; Andrews &
Sankaran, 2002).

After the 2004 tsunami and the subsidence
of South Andaman Island, most the areas are
inundated by sea water. In Great Nicobar Is¬
land most of the inland wetlands on the south
eastern and south western sides are affected to
a great extent and is being inundated by sea
water, including islands in the middle Nicobar
group (Chandi, 2005 (Unpub)', Andrews &
Vaughan, 2005; Sankaren, 2005).

4. 6 . State of introduced and domesticated
livestock

Cattle; Two different genetic groups of cat¬
tle are found here, namely local cattle of
Andaman and Trinkat. Local cattle of Anda¬
man arc distributed in Andaman group and
in Campbell Bay. These populations consist
of three breeds: Sahiwal, Hariana and Red
Sindhi. Trinkat cattle are concentrated in
Trinkat Islands only, probably introduced by
the Dutch.

Goat: There are three genetic groups of
this species: the now local goat of Andaman
(Black Bengal type), Teressa goat and the feral
goat of Barren and Narcondam Island. A small
population of Malabari goat is also available
with the AH & VS.

Buffalo: Buffaloes were introduced from
mainland India and these are distributed in
the Andaman group of Islands and Campbell
Bay.

Pig: There are three different genetic
groups of pigs in the Islands; however their
systematics is currently unknown. They are
the local Andaman wild pig, long snouted Lit¬
tle Andaman wild pig and the Nicobar wild
pig. Andaman wild pig was once found all
over in the forests of the Andaman group,
but have become rare and currently the last
strong holds are the Jarawa Reserve, Rutland
and Little Andaman Islands. Nicobar wild pig
is concentrated in Nicobar group of Islands.

22

Hybrids from mainland India have been do¬
mesticated and some of these have been hy¬
bridised with the indigenous varieties in the
Nicobars and in Mayabunder area (Andrews,
pers. obs.).

Poultry: Includes chicken, duck, guin¬
ea fowl and quail (recently introduced by
CARI). The different breeds of fowl include
the Nicobari fowl, an endemic that has be¬
come extinct and pure strains cannot be found
any more and CARI has developed a hybrid
of this species, without maintaining the ge¬
netic stock. Others include naked neck, friz¬
zle fowl, barred desi and aseel. Ducks include
mainland Indian domestic species. Khaki
Campbell and their crosses.

Due to the 2004 quake and tsunami on
Great Nicobar Island, domestic animals have
become feral, and these include pigs, goats,
cattle, dogs, cats and chickens and this is of
major ecological significance and needs to be
addressed. (Andrews & Vaughan, 2005).

4 . 7 . The 2004 earthquake and the tsunami

The December 2004 M 9.0 earthquake and
the subsequent tsunami caused immense eco¬
logical changes to both island groups, includ¬
ing taking a toll on human life, human life
patterns for indigenous groups in the Nico- i
bars, infrastructure, and permanent change to ;
agricultural lands and plantations. The quake i
and tectonic plate shifts resulted in upheaval
of most Andaman Islands including Little
Andaman Island, causing upliftment of reef
flats, drying of mangrove creeks, drying of

mangrove strands and shifting of strands into
creeks.

The subsidence of the southern South An¬
daman Island and the Nicobars have caused
major impacts on coastal ecosystems, fauna,
flora and freshwater systems, besides most
marine turtle nesting beaches have been
washed away. The impacts, ecological chanc¬
es, implications and recommendations have
been discussed by several authors (Andrews
& Vaughan, 2005; Chadha, 2005; Banerjee,
2005; Ramachandran et al., 2005; Ramana-
murthy ct al., 2005; Sankaran, (2005); Ma¬
lik & Murty, 2005); Mishra & Rajasekliar,
(2005); Nath ct al., (2005).

5. Statement of key issues and problems

s. i. Loss of forest cover and conversion to
monoculture

5.1.1. Status of forest cover

Although the total forest cover of the islands
is still around 84% (according to FS1), there
has been a continuous decline in forest cover
over successive assessments in 1990’s by ESI.
The extent of forest cover reported over dif¬
ferent assessments between 1987 and 1999
are: 1987-7601 km 2 ; 1989-7622 km 2 ; 1991-
7622 km 2 ; 1993-7624 km 2 ; 1995-7615 km 2 ;
1997-7613 km 2 and 1999-7606 km 2 . The 2001
assessment has shown a forest cover of 6930
km 2 , but the decline is mainly due to change
in the scale of satellite data interpreted from

Box 3. Summary statistics of individual boat catch rate and seasons of Crustacea

No. of per-

Monthly
catch (kg)

Season length

Sample

size

TaxoitiagSgf

sons/boat

Price: Rs/kg

(months)

Crabs

3

47

4.1

42(10-150)

210 (Red)

20 (Creen)

300

70

5

36

Ml 6 ~

20

Lobsters

Shrimp

V7.? (lv~35U)

180(20-450)

ii

5.33

Source: ANET200I (Unpublished).

23

Box 4. AMET case study- Catch effort required to catch sharks

Amount caught vs. Catch effort
Amount of shark catch as a function effort

■C

a o 2e.r 33.3 so.o

Total effort (man-months)

Source: ASRT2001 (Unpublished).

1:1,25,000 to 1:50,000 and method of inter¬
pretation from visual to digital. However, the
2003 assessment shows an increase to 6964
km 2 of forest cover.

5. i. 2. Impacts of encroachment

Encroachment remains the major problem af¬
fecting the forest cover. Encroachment prob¬
lem is linked to the increase in the number of
families originally settled in the islands due to
expansion and also uncontrolled immigration
into the islands. Encroachments lead to for¬
est fragmentation, reduction in forest cover,
and its conversion to monocultures leading to
loss of biodiversity. Encroachments also lead
to degradation of the forests near them due
to illegal collection of forest resources. Each
encroachment pocket became a nucleus for
further encroachments and degradation of ad¬
jacent forest areas.

5.1.3. NTFP extraction

An important aspect of NTFP extraction is
that all bonafide agriculturists in possession
of agricultural land residing outside municipal
area used to be issued NTFP, viz., two cords of

firewood, 500 bamboos, 100 bailies, 20 posts,
2000 thatching leaves and 200 canes per year
on collection of a permit fee of Rs.5., but free
of royalty, for personal use. This is generally
misused, and the NTFP collected is sold for
commercial use. Though permission is given
only for collection of non-commercial bailies
and posts, it is difficult to verify the species
of each material collected, and there is a pos¬
sibility of collection of commercial bailies
and posts which may affect the regeneration
of those species adversely. Further, removal of
the young regeneration, in the form of bailies
and posts is likely to affect the condition of
the future forest. However, now on the rec¬
ommendation of Shekhar Singh Commission
accepted by the Supreme Court, the grant of
NTFP free of royalty has been discontinued.

5. i. 4. Forests in privately held lands

Settlers have been allotted hilly lands for hor¬
ticulture. They were permitted to extract and
sell the timber on these lands, on payment of
royalty to the Government, if the Department
of Environment and Forests was unable to
clear the area for horticulture. Since they do
not have the infrastructure to do this, middle-

24

men do it for them. In the process the land is
cleared and erosion takes place. Such lands
under normal circumstances are to be convert¬
ed into horticulture, usually for the cultivation
of areca nut, coconut or spices, but in certain
cases they have not been converted so far and
are lying fallow and eroded. There arc also
large tracts of allotted land covered by forest
growth. As per the Hon’blc Supreme Court
ruling, all such areas come under the definition
of‘forest’ for the purpose of Forest (Conserva¬
tion) Act, 1980. These areas need to be dealt
with accordingly.

5. i. 5. Timber extraction and its impact
on biodiversity

There arc no detailed vegetation maps of the
past to compare with the present for the is¬
lands. As a consequence, the extent to which
particular vegetation types are affected by tim¬
ber operations is not known. How much of the
vegetation type is affected by the land relief is
yet to be determined. The extent of vegetation
of various types currently present on flat land is
provided in the Table-1. Recently in Thailand,
the Gurney’s Pitta {Pitta gumeyi), thought to
be extinct, was found in the last remnant patch
of lowland forest. It is, therefore, prudent to
protect these patches until proper surveys are
conducted.

Table 1. Vegetated area by forest type on Hal lands.

Area on

Total

%in this

Vegetation Type

FlatLand

Area

topog¬

(Km 2 )

(Km 2 )

raphy

Evergreen

27.06

672.13

4.02

Semi-Evergreen

‘>280

1514.68

6.13

Moist deciduous

155.39

.3148.83

4.93

Source: FSf, 2001.

A regeneration survey conducted by FSI has
revealed that though the regeneration status
is satisfactory, change in stocking under the
present management practices indicates de¬
cline in ornamental and softwood species in
some forest divisions and fall in ply species in
some localities. The study has recommended a
conservative approach in exploitation sched¬

ule and improving future crop by adequate
regeneration of desired species compatible to
ecosystem needs (Elkunchwar et al., 1997).

A specific problem, which also affects re¬
generation in worked areas, is due to the pres¬
ence of spotted deer (Axis axis ) in these is¬
lands. Deer browse on seedlings and therefore
have affected natural regeneration in timber
extraction areas to a great extent. Species not
browsed on include Planchonia andumanica ,
Nauclea gaganea, and Lagerstroemia hypu-
leuca, and these have become abundant in
natural regeneration areas. Similarly, gaps in
littoral forests are dominated by Derris indica.
The effect of such grazing on forest has been
well documented from other places overseas
(Struhsaker, 1997).

Another issue that has cropped up with
timber extraction is the loss of orchids. A
study by Gopal (1991) reports 107 species, a
very heavy epiphyte load on most forest trees
in South Andaman Island and these are lost
during forestry operations. A study conduct¬
ed by Pandit (1991) shows that the Andaman
Canopy Lifting Shelterwood system leads
to a change in the species composition and
diversity. While forest management system
developed for the island over last 100 years
to get a crop that is commercially more valu¬
able, its implications for biodiversity conser¬
vation need to be analyzed in greater detail.
These impacts are localized to about 15% of
the forest area.

5. i. 6. Damage to watersheds

Most areas in the islands, especially urban ar¬
eas, suffer from a drinking water shortage in
the months of March and April, in spite of the
annual rainfall being almost 3500 mm. The
geology of the islands does not permit ground
water storage. The role of surface storage sys¬
tems therefore becomes extremely important.
For this, it is important that vegetation cover in
the catchment areas for each watershed should
be protected as much as possible. Encroach¬
ments in many rural areas have led to the deg¬
radation of these watersheds and has resulted
in accentuating the drinking water problem.

25

5 . 2 . Decreasing agricultural productivity
5.2.i. General

The Andaman ecosystem is not suitable for ag¬
riculture and horticulture. If current agricultur¬
al practices continue these islands will always
be a net economic liability on the rest of India.
Studies conducted by ANET have shown de¬
cline in rice yields (Box 2).

Only a single local variety of rice was
found at Wandoor: the rest of the farmers use
high-yielding hybrids. Karen fanners around
Mayabunder in Middle Andamans still use a
number of local varieties brought over from
Bunna several decades ago.

C'ARI identifies the slow diffusion of HYV
and cultivation of existing traditional varieties
as major bottlenecks to increased productiv¬
ity. To date no variety has been released from
these islands. If these varieties are based on lo¬
cal cultivars, then these need to be encouraged
to enhance crop genetic diversity.

5. 2 . 2 . Agricultural productivity in the
Nicobars

Coconut plantations have dropped in productiv¬
ity because of aging in the Katchal area. Some
recent data collected indicate that the Nicobari
methods of cultivating coconut and areca nut
may give higher yields than modem methods.
Their methods also result in little loss of natural
vegetation. There is a sociological problem in
increasing productivity, since there appears to
be an emotional barrier to replacing trees plant¬
ed by one’s ancestor (Singh, 2000a; b).

5. 2 .3. Loss of biodiversity due to agricul¬
ture

The loss in forest area to even 86% of the orig¬
inal will lead to the loss of an estimated 4.5%
of species, according to the theory of island
biogeography. This was calculated using the
value of Z= 0.3 (Mac Arthur & Wilson, 1997).
Additionally, the use of insecticides will have
an impact on insectivorous birds, wetland spe¬
cies and predators.

The fertiliser and pesticide loads in the sea
and their biomagnification in marine organisms
have never been assessed. It is also extremely
likely that the coral reefs are affected. Organic
possibilities need to be explored. In the long
run, phasing out a number of crops and replac¬
ing them with high value agro forestry such as
vanilla, cane and bamboo will be required to
solve the problem of pesticide use.

5 . 2 .4. Wild relatives of cultivated plants

A number of Cultivated plants have their wild
relatives here. These include vanilla, nutmeg,
mango, coconut and mangosteen. These have
potential for use in breeding and crop improve¬
ment and these are required to be documented
and assembled.

5. 2 .5. Biotic constraints on agriculture

With the constant temperature and the high
relative humidity throughout the year, cou¬
pled with high rainfall, the rapid growth and
multiplication of insect pests occurs. Given
the year round availability of host plants un-

Table 2. Districtwise livestock and poultry

Category

Livestock Census 1997

livestock Census 2083

Andaman

Nicobar

Total

Andaman

Nicobar

Total

Cattle

52721

7259

60180

54645

8909

63554

Buffalo

14155

49

14204

16144

67

16211

Ofteep ■ :\y

-

1§|§iii*

illilllliS

10

10

Goat

59487

11436

70932

63460

15759

79219

Pig

3258

' 39578

lilillll!

8517

43684 ' r

152201

Dog

25363

4205

29568

34099

8485

42584

Rabbit

92

60

mm 152

704

m i

111;- 835

Horse/ Donkey

12

3

15

1

-

1

Poultry

739058

61892

800950-

843916

86967.

930878

Source: Dept, of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, 2002. ■

26

der these conditions, insects are able to breed
continuously often with a complete lack of
synchronization of the life cycle. Disease is
also a problem here, and causes major crop
losses.

Weeds compete very fast with crop plants,
and cause significant loss by sharing nutrients
and by hosting insect pests. The use of weedi-
cides is not very common and is very often in¬
effective.

Stray cattle are another problem, and cause
enormous damage to field crops and forests.
The pasturing of cattle immediately after the
rice season is another serious problem for
subsequent dry season crops. Rodent dam¬
age to field crops is another important factor,
with control measures not being practiced by
farmers. African snail is a serious constraint
for vegetable crops especially during the wet
season.

5.2. 6 . Abiotic constraints on agriculture

High salinities, and the high fixation of phos¬
phorus, aluminium and iron toxicilies, either
individually or in combination, are a regular
phenomenon causing low yield. In acute cas¬
es lands are abandoned. During the peak dry
season water stress coupled with excess heat
makes a heavy dent in production particularly
in pulse and vegetable crops, as they are culti¬
vated during this season.

5 . 2. 7 . Ecological constraints on agriculture

About 84% of the total geographical area is
under very fragile tropical forest. Any conver¬
sion of forestland to agricultural land poses a

threat to the forest ecosystem, which in mm
affects the quality of agriculture.

The soils of the islands are very fragile due
to their recent origin, and soils in cultivable
areas are shallow. Excessive rainfall of high
intensity causes topsoil loss each year and
proper soil conservation measures are seldom
adopted. Water logging due to excess rain¬
water and flash floods, and the prevalence of
acid sulphate soils are serious hurdles in the
islands. Aluminium and iron toxicity in low-
lying areas and phosphorus deficiency in the
virgin hill slopes are serious constraints.

Harvesting and threshing of fruit crops be¬
comes a problem during the rains. During the
dry season extensive moisture stress some¬
times leads to the complete loss of a crop.

Small irregular plot sizes are the princi¬
pal constituents of the major land holdings.
These are essentially not amenable to me¬
chanical farming. Thus manual fanning is
the only alternative that makes agriculture a
cost intensive avenue in these labour scarce
islands.

5. 2.8. Socio-economic constraints in
agriculture

In contrast to the mainland, there are compara¬
tively better job opportunities in the islands.
Besides, the people living here have more re¬
munerative and short-tenn means of income
such as fishing and tourism. Thus agricultural
activities have become a secondary proposi¬
tion in many places. Subsidy in the form of
seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and implements
impede agricultural development and make
people more dependent on the Government.

Table 3. Decline in indigeneous tribal populations.

Name of Tribe

1901

1911

1921

1931

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

1 .

Shompen

(348)

(375)

(200)

200

(200)

71

92

223

250

398

2,

Onges

(672)

(631)

(321)

(250)

(150)

129

112

9’

95

3.

Great

Andamanese

(1882)

(1317)

(786)

(460)

23

19

24

26

45

43

4'

Jarawas

NE

NE

<H4)

(70)

(50)

(500)

NE

31

{28©>

(240)

5.

Sentinelese

NO

NE

(117)

(50)

NE

(50)

Nt

NE

(100)

(39)

6.

Nicobarcse

5962

7991

8032

9589

11902

13903

17874

21984

26000

28653

Total

8864

ll»314

4571)

10439

12145

14672

18102

22361

26770

29469

Note: (i) Figures in parenthesis indicate the estimated population, (it) NE - not enumerated.

Agricultural inputs are insufficient and not
available in time because of erratic supply
from the mainland, which affects agriculture
as a whole. The credit facilities extended by
different organizations are not fully utilized
by the fanning community due to ignorance
or due to difficulties in fulfilling official for¬
malities.

5. 2. 9 . Future prospects

The major thrust for agriculture development
should be on high value products from vanilla,
floriculture and orchid cultivation, high value
products from coconut and areca nut, and the
extraction of oil and oleoresin from cinnamon,
clove, pepper, nutmeg and ginger. Modem veg¬
etable cultivation in polyhouses and encour¬
agement for the use of bio-fertilizers should be
included in ongoing schemes. Besides multi¬
cropping methods should be encouraged.

5.3. Damage to coral reefs
s. 3. i. Loss of reef cover

Collection of shells and sea cucumbers for com¬
mercial purposes has led to a drastic decline in
the occurrence of these two taxa. While they
are protected now, the Department of Environ¬
ment and Forests has not been given the ad¬
ditional resources necessary to enforce the ban
on their collection. Assessing reef areas has
been identified as a research priority during a
seminar on protected areas planning. Degrada¬
tion has been recorded at a few sites. Flowcvcr,
the overall condition of the coral resource in
the Andamans is poorly documented: only one
detailed study has been conducted, in the vicin¬
ity of the MGMNP (Kulkami, 2000). A rcccnL
UNDP/ZSI study has identified newer species
of coral in the Andamans taking the recorded
coral species number from 197 to 235.

However coral reefs of the islands are under
various degrees of threat such as siltation, sand
mining, agricultural runoff and damage due to
fishing and tourism activities. These are apart
from global climatic factors such as sea tem¬
perature rise. Remedial measures would have
to emphasise the control of further encroach¬

ment of forestland and its consequent degrada¬
tion. This is because sedimentation from the
land clearing is one of the main causes of coral
mortality (Whitaker, 1994; Kulkami, 2000;
2001 ).

Tourists stepping on the corals also cause
damage. The reefs around the main tourist sites
of Jolly Buoy and Redskin Islands, in the MG¬
MNP, have been degraded due to this reason.
Remedial measures would include restricting
the numbers of tourists visiting the MGMNP,
as well as a proper awareness programme to
educate them on how to prevent damage to
corals (Kulkami, 2000; Singh ct al, 2002).
There is no recent information from the RJM-
NP; this becomes a priority since a number of
dive shops and adventure tour operators have
sprung up in the last couple of years.

A tighter control on trawling and net size
is also required. The use of TEDS requires
urgent study and an implementation process
started soon. Annually we lose around 2000-
3000 sea turtles (Bhaskar, 1993; Andrews,
2000d; Andrews, et al., 2001). Fishing on or
around coral reefs also needs monitoring at the
moment to assess its impact. A recent ban on
fishing on the six species of shark is going to
be extremely difficult to implement without a
considerably enhanced protection force with
the Forest department and difficulty in identi¬
fying shark species from dried fins.

5.3. 2 . Damage due to pollution

Oil spills are rapidly becoming a major con¬
cern, especially in the Port Blair region. Ships
wash their bilges offshore, and this is damag¬
ing coral reefs. Ships also tend to ignore regu¬
lations about dumping of sewage at sea. The
areas of great concern are Car Nicobar and
Wandoor in the MGMNP.

5 . 3 . 3 . Loss of biodiversity due to fishing

In spite of only slightly over 10% of the estimat¬
ed available catch being harvested, catch of cer¬
tain species in the coastal areas has been badly
depleted. Shellfish in danger of being threatened
include Trochus, Turbo, Nautilus, black lip pearl
oyster and green mussel. This might be either

28

a result of the potential harvest being wrongly
calculated, or due to bad fisheries practices.
However, the sizes offish caught have declined
noticeably, indicating over fishing. The sizes of
crabs and lobsters available have also dropped,
and the prices of these items are similar to prices
on mainland India (lobster is Rs. 350 per kg. at
Wandoor, making this important source of pro¬
tein unavailable to local residents). This is largely
due to the export market to Malaysia and Singa¬
pore. Crabs are also exported to mainland India
for the Malaysia and Singapore markets. These
methods have depleted two species of crabs and
lobsters all over south East Asia. This requires
urgent regulation, mainly closed season dur¬
ing the breeding season and size/weight limits.
Overharvesting of crab and shrimp hunting has
also taken a severe toll on mangroves in South
America and some parts of south Asia, and cur¬
rently they are into major mangrove restoration
efforts. The prices and catch seasons in the An¬
damans arc shown in box No. 3.

It is clear that considerable effort is required
to ensure that fisheries are properly managed.
Limiting landing sites, preventing fishing in
the closed season, and enforcing minimum
size rules, mesh sizes are some factors that
need enforcing.

Indiscriminate fishing of shark for shark
fin may also include certain shark species in
the endangered category. Currently tiger and
hammerhead sharks have disappeared. The ef¬
fects on sharks are already noticeable, with the
large shark having more or less disappeared,
mainly the tiger shark that was once common
around the Andaman Islands and has become
extremely rare since the late 1980s. The catch
effort required to catch sharks is shown in Box
No. 4. Other affected items include sea cucum¬
bers and ornamental shells. Several species in
the last three taxa have now been placed on
Schedule I of the WLPA, 1972. The appropri¬
ate enforcement measures will need a consid¬
erably enhanced manpower to implement.

5.4. Issues with mangroves

Extraction of mangroves for commercial pur¬
poses was stopped in 1989 in the islands and
most these areas have regenerated to its origi¬

nal form (Andrews, 2000c). However, there
are encroachments in mangroves in some of
the areas in North. Middle and South Anda¬
mans. There is also some degradation due to
fuel wood and pole extraction (Sirus, 1999).
Recently, there is also a demand to hand over
mangrove areas for shrimp farming, a move
that will have harmful environmental conse¬
quences as it has in South East Asia and South
America. There is also a demand for handing
over areas for fattening of mud crabs.

5.5. Issues with coastal ecosystems

The major problem with coastal ecosystems is
sand extraction for construction. This has led
to loss of marine turtle beaches in AN1 and
erosion by sea action. In a number of places
the sea has destroyed the belts of vegetation
bordering it. Manilkara forest has been affect¬
ed at several sites in North, Middle, South An¬
daman and Baratang Islands. The regeneration
of Manilkara forest has also been badly af¬
fected because of the browsing of seedlings by
goats, cows and spotted deer. Other problems
include litter, garbage, which include plastics,
oil and other hazardous waste that get washed
ashore. These are locally generated, thrown
over by passing ships and a high percentage
that come as drift from South East Asia (An¬
drews & Sankaran, 2002; Dharini et al, 2003).
A detailed Integrated Coastal Zone Manage¬
ment Plan for the islands is under preparation
by the Anna University, Chennai.

5. 6 . Issues with wetlands

Very little is known about the species asso¬
ciated with them, and their unique features
other than that reported by Vijayan (1996a),
Andrews (2000 b, 2000c; 2000d; 2002)
and Andrews & Sankaran (2002). This ap¬
plies both to forest swamps as well as open
swamps. A research effort is required initially
to map these areas and do ecological profiles
on them. Wetlands are being drained for ag¬
riculture and other landfills for development.
This is most noticeable around Port Blair,
near Sippighat. After 2004 tsunami all this
area is under sea water. Pesticide residues are

also likely to have affected wetland fauna in
a number of places.

5.7. ‘Island’ effects more likely to lead to
species extinction

There are 19 endemic bird species found in
the islands. Andaman Teal is critically endan¬
gered, with major habitat loss having occurred
over most of their range, coupled with poach¬
ing (Sankaran, 1995, Andrews, 2000b; 2000c;
Andrews & Sankaran, 2002). All the others are
restricted range species according to the 1UCN
threat criteria. A detailed status survey of all
these, and of other taxa, is required. Filling
this knowledge gap will lead to proposals per¬
taining to regulation of tourism, the regulation
of fishing, the declaration of more protected
areas and additions to the school syllabus lead¬
ing to increased awareness.

An analysis of the endemic species shows
that there are fewer species in common be¬
tween the Andamans and the Nicobars than
would be expected by chance. This is an indi¬
cator that the faunas of the two island groups
have evolved separately from each other, and
are isolated from each other. This makes re¬
search into the fossil record very relevant, as
this will help in understanding the processes
that have led to the present species distribu¬
tions on these islands.

Another concept that is relevant here is
that of stepping-stones. The distances between
protected areas are greater, and emigration of a
new species from one protected area to another
becomes difficult as more areas are deforested.
Having additional protected areas in between
the existing ones could mitigate this. With the
current rates of degradation that are occurring,
it becomes a priority to identify potentially
new PAs, taking into account the representa¬
tion of various slope, relief and soil classes
that may affect species compositions.

5 . a. Introduced domestic species: cattle
and goats

The livestock in the islands as estimated in
the livestock censuses conducted in 1997 and
2003 are shown in Table 2. Between 1980 and

1990 the Department of Animal Husbandry &
Veterinary Services (AHVS) imported about
250 cows for the breeding programme. This
was stopped in 1990, and artificial insemina¬
tion is done using frozen semen for upgrading
the stock of cattle and buffaloes. 70 Malabari
goats were also brought in during this period.
There is no stall-feeding done. The problem of
free ranging cattle and goats damaging forests
has been noted in a number of areas of North
Middle, South and Little Andaman Islands, as
well as Nancowry and Great Nicobar Islands,
including the Jarawa Reserve. Cattle do not
normally browse in rainforest / evergreen for¬
ests because of the lack of grasses, but do so
in open coastal forests. In contrast, goats have
been observed at a number of places inside
forest areas, especially near villages. While
there has been no documented study except on
Narcondam Island, observations indicate that
damage by goats is occurring. This problem
should be tackled right now, while it is still
possible to prevent grazing by goats in for¬
ested areas. .

A list of the introduced domesticated spe¬
cies here follows:

• Cats : Everywhere- feral

• Dogs : Everywhere- feral

* Goats: feral on Narcondam and Barren
Islands; domesticated elsewhere.

* Cattle: domesticated and feral, also
along the Jarawa Reserve and in Great
Nicobar Island.

Problems perceived with poultry and live¬
stock farming that have a relation to biodi¬
versity are: the scarcity of fodder, the scarcity
of feed (feed ingredients are imported, from
mainland, which becomes a costly affair), and
the disease problems resulting from the hot
and humid climate,

s. 9. Introduced species in the absence of
predators

Three problem species arc the chital, barking
deer and feral elephant in the Andamans. In
the past few years, studies have been carried
out on both of these.

Feral elephants are found on Interview Is¬
land and on North Andaman Island. About 40

elephants engaged for timber extraction from
Interview Island and parts of North Andaman
Island by M/s P.C.Ray & Co. engaged by the
Administration, were abandoned on Inter¬
view Island in 1960s, and these have formed a
breeding population. A study in 1993 estimated
their population at 70 (Sivaganesan & Kumar,
1995); a survey done in March 2001 estimates
their current population at 35 (Ali, 2001). Si-
vakumar (2003) has also reported problems
related to introduced mammals. However, fur¬
ther studies to know the correct population of
elephants and their impact on vegetation will
be necessary.

Similarly chital initially introduced in the
1930s, for meat and for beautification of the
islands, have now spread all over the North,
Middle and South Andamans including Bara-
tang and other outlying islands. Hog Deer
were also introduced in the North and Middle
Andamans, but this species did not survive for
long. Barking Deer introduced around 1915,
is now common in areas of Middle and bara-
tang Islands. Saplings of selected species are
browsed whose regeneration is affected (Aul,
2002; Ali. 2004). Control mechanisms for chi-
lal and barking deer need to be considered as
no natural predators are present.

Feral dogs have been reported digging up
nests of sea turtles and killing nesting turtles all
over the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Bhaskar,
1979; 1984; 1993; Andrews, 2000; 2001; An¬
drew's et al., 2001). Controlling their population
assumes urgency if sea turtle populations arc to
be protected. Cats are seen to be predators of
ground lizards, birds and nesting birds.

Mynahs and palm squirrels have also been
introduced into the islands, but their effects on
the local fauna and flora have not been stud¬
ied.

Introduced wild species include:

Chital: Introduced in 1930s; found every¬
where in Andamans except Little Anda¬
man, North and South Sentinel Islands.

Hog deer: Introduced in 1905-1930 in North
and Middle Andamans; possibly eradi¬
cated.

Barking deer: Introduced around 1915; Lo¬
cally common in Middle, Baratang and
South Andaman.

Elephant: Is found on Interview' Island and
parts of North Andaman.

Common Mynah: Abundant in the Port Blair
area and South Andamans, and might be
competing with resident hole nesters.

Three striped palm squirrel: Common in are¬
as near Port Blair and spreading towards
Wandoor area.

African giant snail is a major pest of vegeta¬
ble crops all over the Andamans.

House crow is the latest addition which have
been recorded from Port Blair during
October 2002.

5. io. Declining tribal populations and loss of
indigenous knowledge

There are four groups of indigenous tribes in
the Andamans and two in the Nicobars. Their
populations are generally showing declining
trends except that of the Nicobarcse, who arc
well assimilated into the mainstream. A com¬
parative table of the populations of various
tribes is given in Table 4.

The Great Andamanese are confined to
Strait Island. The Onge are under constant
disturbance from poachers and settlers in
Little Andaman Island. The Sentinclese, still
hostile, are undisturbed. However fishermen
and lobster divers have been observed very
close to coastline and inside bays of this is¬
land. This may be keeping the Sentinelesc
away from foraging in the intertidal reefs
during low tide and from fishing out at sea
in their dugout canoes {Andrews, per. ob-
serv.).

The fourth tribe, the Jarawa, typify the de¬
bate ongoing in the islands. They were hostile
until five years ago. Recent shedding of hostil¬
ity has resulted in frequent contacts with set¬
tlers and passengers along the Andaman Trunk
Road (ATR). The Administration is taking ac¬
tion to reduce the contacts.

One school of thought believes that it is
necessary to enable the Jarawa to abandon
their forest existence and bring the benefits of
“civilisation” to them. Opposed to this is the
view that they should be left strictly alone;
otherwise they will become extinct. Support¬
ing the latter view are the case histories of

what happened to the Andamanese and the
Onge tribes (Portman, 1899).

The Government of India has recently fi¬
nalised its policy on the Jarawas. The objec¬
tives of the policy are (i) to protect the Jarawas
from the harmful effects of exposure and con¬
tact with the outside world while they are not
physically, socially and culturally prepared for
such an interface, (ii) to preserve the social
organization, mode of subsistence and cul¬
tural identity of the Jarawa community, (iii)
to provide medical help to the Jarawas to re¬
duce mortality and morbidity in case of their
sudden affliction with diseases, which their
systems are unaccustomed to, (iv) to conserve
the ecology and environment of the Jarawa
Reserve Territory and strengthen the support
systems in order to enable the Jarawas pursue
their traditional modes of subsistence and way
of life, and (v) to sensitise the settler commu¬
nities around the Jarawa habitat and personnel
working for the protection and preservation
of the Jarawas about the need to preserve this
ancient community and to value their unique
culture and lifestyle. With the said objectives
in view, the Government of India has framed
various strategies and guidelines for the pro¬
tection and welfare of the Jarawas. The strate¬
gies include (a) protection of cultural identity
by a policy of maximum autonomy to Jarawas
with minimum and regulated intervention by
the Government, (b) protection of the natural
habitat with no exploitation of natural resourc¬
es within the tribal reserve and a ban on in¬
teraction between tourists and the Jarawas, (c)
protection of health status by a periodic health
surveys and extension of medical assistance in
the Jarawa area itself, (d) regulation of traffic
on the ATR by limiting it to the essential pur¬
poses of public transport, supplies and emer¬
gency evacuation of patients with movement
only during restricted hours and in convoys,

(e) Codification of the Jarawa language, so that
the officials of the Administration, who are re¬
quired to come in contact with the Jarawas, are
able to communicate with them and understand
their perceptions, reactions and problems, and

(f) suitable institutional arrangements for the
protection and welfare of all the aboriginal
tribes including the Jarawas.

The recent order of the Supreme Court is to
close the ATR in the section passing through
the Jarawa Tribal Reserve, but the A & N
Administration has approached the Court for
modification of the Order.

Also at stake here are the largest relatively
undisturbed tracts of forests within the islands:
the Jarawa Reserve, the Onge Reserve on Lit¬
tle Andaman Islands, and the Great Nicobar
Biosphere Reserve, which acts as a home to
the majority of the Shompcn. Assimilation of
the tribes into the mainstream is likely to in¬
crease pressure on the lands within the reserve
for logging and encroachment, as well as in¬
crease in poaching activities.

5.11. Impact of developmental activities
5. ii. i. Construction of RCC structures

Developmental activities involving^ RCC
structures require large quantities of sand.
This sand is quarried from'the beaches. While
the Forest department gets royalty on the sand
mined, and the sand taken from each area is
regulated, this is difficult to enforce in practice.
As a result, erosion of beaches has occurred.
This has had three major consequences: loss
of land and coastal forests, the loss of 21 sea
turtle nesting beaches in ANI, and the loss of
recreational areas (Andrews, et al., 2001).

In its order, the Supreme Court has ordered
that the amount of sand utilised must be re¬
duced to 33% of its current usage within five
years. The current system of monitoring needs
to be strengthened to enforce this.

5.11.2. Developmental activities of Port
Management Board

The Port Management Board constructs jet¬
ties on remote islands. These jetties very
often block the free flow of sand across the
beaches. This results in a pile up of sand on
one side of the jetty and erosion of sand on
the other side. Computer models exist now to
predict the erosion that might occur and to
design appropriate structures. These are re¬
quired to be used while designing jetties and
deciding on their location.

32

5. 12 . Impact of tourism

Tourism development in the islands in the last
decade, has led to the unplanned development
of several areas. The numbers of tourists are
increasing in spite of the lack of sufficient fa¬
cilities. This has led to pollution using plastic
(controlled only in the MGMNP), camping on
sea turtle beaches and preventing their nesting,
for example, on Ross and Smith Islands and on
Little Andaman Island (Andrews, etal., 2001).
Forest fires started by camping tourists have
also occurred at Chidiatapu, New Wandoor
and on Havelock Islands. Forest fires especial¬
ly in coastal forests, cultural contamination re¬
sulting from exposure to drugs and nudity, and
loss to the exchequer due to tourists benefit¬
ing from the subsidies on transport, are likely
hazards of promoting uncontrolled tourism.
Construction of hotels at several locations to
accommodate the tourists will result in prob¬
lems such as garbage removal, effluent release
and habitat degradation.

5 . 13 . Immigration from mainland

The 2001 census reports a population of 3.57
lakhs. Significant increase in the population is
due to immigration from the mainland States.
The control of immigration becomes one of
the top priorities if biodiversity is to be con¬
served in these islands. The introduction of an
island identity card and innerline permit is a
first step in this direction, besides elimination
of the subsidy on passenger fares for ships.

5.14. Knowledge of medicinal plants

The ANT is a vast repository of medicinal
plants. The islands enjoy a warm humid tropi¬
cal climate with an annual rainfall of -3300
mm, which is very congenial for the growth of
medicinal plants. The AN DE & F has reported
406 species for the ANT (AN DE & F, 2005).
(Dagar & Dagar, 1999). Awasthi (1987) has
discussed the use of 35 species by the Nieo-
barese, 35 by Shompens, 16 by the Great An¬
damanese and 10 by the Ongc.

Data was gathered by A NET in January
1999 on the plants the Bengali and Chota

Nagpuri settlers used, in the areas around Sad¬
dle Peak National Park. It was found that the
Chota Nagpuri community has begun using
mainly local plants and have developed a rich
cthno botanical tradition utilising plants new
to them, over the last few decades (Appendix
2). The AN DE & F in collaboration with the
National Botanical Research Institute (NBRJ),
Lucknow has inventoried 406 medicinal plants
of the islands (Appendix 15).

5. is. Impacts of the 2004 earthquake, tec¬
tonic plate shifts and the tsunami

The entire reef flats, starting south from north
of Constance Bay on the western side of South
Andaman, north along Middle and North An¬
daman Islands, around Landfall island, south
around East Island and along the eastern coast
of North Andaman to north of Rongat area,
arc dead and exposed by 0.75- 1 m in height.
This is the same for all major out lying islands
along these areas, including Little Andaman
Island, and is a clear proof of the upheaval of
the island’s land mass by an average of 1 m
(Andrews & Vaughan, 2005).

The mangrove creeks along the same ar¬
eas have been affected due to the upheaval
and high tide waters not reaching into the
mangroves, the water level remains 0.75-1
m below' the previous level. This caused root
shock and drying off the front rows of man¬
grove frees and shifting of strands into the
creeks. These same creeks have been swept
of their bottom substratum, leaving sandy
bottoms and greatly affecting the fish and
other creek fauna.

The mangroves on the eastern side of Mid¬
dle Andamans, from Rongat Bay, east of Long
Island and from north of Baratang Island and
in the entire Shoal Bay area remain submerged
dunng high and low tides. This caused drying
of mangrove frees and shifting of strands into
the creeks. The impacts on mangroves in areas
of Rongat Bay, west of Long Island, cast Mid¬
dle Strait Island, Baratang Island, Shoal Bay
and around southern South Andaman Island
and along west coast to Port Mouat, is a clear
indicator of the subsidence of the land mass
by 0.75- lm.

No major impacts were observed along
coastal forests in the Andamans, there is scope
for quick regeneration in impacted areas on
the main and small islands, including Little
Andaman Island.

The entire coastal areas and habitats in the
Nicobars have been affected due to the subsid¬
ence of the islands, destroying and impacting all
coastal flora and fauna, including habitats of some
mega species. Mangroves, along Nancowrie and
Kamorta Islands have been impacted. Two spe¬
cies that has been impacted to a very great extent
are Pandanus nicobarensis and My pa fruticans.
Impacts, to a great extent, on fauna, flora and
freshwater sources are on islands like Nancow-
ric, Kamorta, Trinket and Katchal Islands. Loss
of all tracts of Pandanus and Nypa fruticans in
the Nicobars will, to a great extent, affect the di¬
etary habits of some Nicobarese people and all
the Shompen people, also due to loss of man¬
groves and associated food resources (Andrews
& Vaughan, 2005; Sankaran, 2005).

The subsidence and upheaval of the is¬
lands, and the impact of the tsunami has taken
a major toll on marine turtle nesting beaches
in the ANI. On Great Nicobar Island domestic
animals have become feral, and these include
pigs, goats, cattle, dogs, cats and chickens
and this is of major ecological significance.
The aftermath, ecological chances, impacts to
ecosystems, habitats, flora and fauna has been
discussed in detail by Andrews & Vaughan
(2005), Malik & Murty (2005), Ramachandran
et al., (2005), and Sankaran (2005).

6. Identification of relevant ongoing
plans and programmes

Each Department was asked for a statement on
what ongoing programmes and plans it has rel¬
evant to the issues raised above. The following
Departments and NGO’s have responded.

lishment in 1951, has contributed significantly
to the understanding of human society by stud¬
ying tribal and non tribal populations of these
islands. The broad objectives behind these ac¬
tivities remain:

• To take up anthropological studies of
scheduled tribes and other communi¬
ties.

• To reflect in its research programme,
the priorities set by the government on
conservation of environment, welfare of
tribes, women and children and assess¬
ment of health and nutritional status

• To take steps to salvage and preserve
cultural traits and artefacts faced with
the threat of extinction and those, which
even, otherwise need to be preserved.

• To study and promote awareness of the
rich and composite cultural milieu of
Andaman and Nicobar group of islands
and its contribution to our cultural herit¬
age.

Specific ongoing studies include one on
boat typology and fishing communities. This
has attained an in-depth understanding of the
traditional culture of several of the tribes found
here. It has shed light on the craftsmanship in
boat making, methods of propulsion and steer¬
ing, navigational knowledge and different ritu¬
als associated with these.

Another project concentrates on Nieobari
crafts and its role in their society. Studies on
the growth and development of children, and
in the urban anthropology of Port Blair and
Rangat, are also being carried out.

Of special relevance to our understanding
of tribal groups is a study on how tribal com¬
munities traditionally use and manage their
environment and natural resources, and this is
focussed on the Onge and Nieobari communi¬
ties. Of special relevance to the NBSAP is a
study of the contacts and conflicts with Jarawa
tribes.

6 . i. Central government departments 6 . i. 2. BSI

6. 1 . 1 . ASI The BSI has been operational in the Andamans

- since 1972. Its major concerns are the

Anthropological Survey of India, Andaman • Survey and exploration of the plant
and Nicobar Regional Centre, since its estab- wealth of ANI

34

• Compilation of the flora of these is¬
lands;

• Conservation and utilisation of the plant
wealth here; and

• Studies on the mangroves of these is¬
lands.

Minor areas of research include the iden¬
tification of plant specimens and taxonomic
studies, ethno-botanical studies on the tribes,
environmental impact assessments (E1A) and
ex-situ conservation of rare and endangered
plants in the experimental garden-cum-arbo-
retum.

The BST her barium contains over 21,000
specimens belonging to over 2000 species.
The museum has 400 exhibits including timber
yielding plants and other botanical ly impor¬
tant specimens. The library has 3730 books,
and subscribes to 20 foreign and 36 Indian
Journals.

A Botanical Garden was established in
1977 on 30 ha. of forestland near Dhanikliari
16 km away from Port Blair. The main objec¬
tives of this Botanical Garden arc:

• Comparative study of herbarium speci¬
mens with plants occurring in nature.

• Introduction of economically important
plants from the islands as well as from
the mainland.

• Introduction of Ethno-Mcdicinal plants
which are used by different tribes of
these Islands, so that they can be prop¬
agated and useful compounds can be
evaluated.

• Introduction of plants that arc found
in ANI and South East Asia, but not in
mainland.

• Introduction and propagation of Wild
germplasm.

An orchidarium and fem house are part of
this botanical garden, together with bamboos,
canes, gymnosperms, wild gingers, medicinal
plants, wild edible fruit trees and sources of
green manure.

Another botanical garden has been opened
at Kalpong in collaboration with the National
Hydroelectric Power Corporation. This bo¬
tanical garden has different sections such as
Medicinal Plant Plot (Dhanvantri Udhyan),
Pomological Plant Plot, Palm Plot, Cane Plot,

Endemic Plant Plot, Orchid House, Ornamen¬
tal Garden, Nursery, Green House and Arbo¬
retum. About 64 plant species of high medici¬
nal potential were introduced in Dhanvantri
Udhyan. Likewise, about 23 species of wild
edible fruit trees, 19 species of ornamental
plants and nine species of palm varieties w r ere
introduced in the Pomological Plot, Ornamen¬
tal Plant Plot and Palm Plot respectively. The
Endemic Plant Plot houses about nine species
of endemic, rare & endangered plants that
were collected from the wild. The conserva¬
tory has good collections of orchids where 70
accessions of live orchids are conserved and
propagated including several endemic and ex¬
otic species. BSI here has described 60 new
species and three new genera; over 310 scien¬
tific papers have been published. Vol. 11 and
III of the Flora of the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands are under preparation. The Flora of
Great Nicobar has been published.

Besides this, wild relatives of nutmeg and
betel palm have been explored. BSI was in¬
volved with the EIA of the Kalpong project,
and is helping various groups in identification
of plant species for their commercial exploita¬
tion. However, emphasis is being laid on the
mangrove zonation of these islands.

6. 1 . 3. CARI

Central Agricultural Research Institute
(CAR!) is entrusted with the onerous task of
catering to the needs of these islands' eco¬
system by forging a research base to enhance
crop, livestock and aquatic productivity
through the judicious use of the rich and di¬
versified though fragile natural resource base
of these islands.

The Institute has defined role to address the
issue of ushering sustainable agricultural de¬
velopment in the island ecosystem. Preserving
the biological resources found here is of para¬
mount importance. Hence collection, mapping
and conservation of agro and animal genetic
resources have assumed considerable impor¬
tance. CARI is in a unique position to assume
this responsibility.

There is a need for appropriate technology
here. It is in this context that CARI can play

35

a pivotal role in carrying out research and
development activities so that technologies
may be generated that suit island condition
or technologies developed in mainland India
can be suitably modified, according to island
conditions.

CARI conducts research on various as¬
pects of agricultural activity in the islands,
including testing of new cultivars and experi¬
mentation with new breeds of domesticated
livestock.

6. 1. 4. CDRI

The Central Drug Research Institute identifies
plants that have medicinal value and carries
out tests on their efficacy. They have conduct¬
ed studies here as well, and a greatly enhanced
role for them is required.

6. i. 5. Department of Space

Many organizations of the Department of
Space, viz., Indian Institute of Remote Sens¬
ing (HRS), Dehra Dun, Indian Space Research
Organization (ISRO), Bangalore, National
Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) and Vikram
Sarabhai Space Applications Centre (VS-
SAC), Ahmedabad have been involved with
aspects of mapping and remote sensing of
natural resources in the Andamans. A project
on Biodiversity characterization at landscape
level has been conducted by the Department
of Space in collaboration with the Department
of Environment and Forests. It has also pre¬
pared the National (Natural) Resource Infor¬
mation System (NR1S). VSSAC has prepared
a Coral Reef Atlas of India, including the areas
of these islands.

6.1. 6. ICFRE

This is the apex body in the country con¬
stituted for the purpose of forestry research
and education. It carries out research of na¬
tional importance as well as regional impor¬
tance through its research institutes spread
throughout the country. The research needs
of the ANI are attended to by the Institute of
Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coim¬

batore. Recently the Institute had funded a
Planting Stock Improvement Programme for
establishment of Seed Production Areas of
Pterocarpus dalbergioides, Casuarina eq-
uisetifolia and Paraserianthes falcataria in
these islands. The National Forestry Research
Plan has identified areas of research, which
are required to be carried out by the research
wing of AN DE & F Islands in collaboration
with the Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree
Breeding (IFGTB). The important areas of
collaborative research are:

• Biodiversity conservation and utiliza¬
tion

• Biodiversity assessment and monitoring

• Natural regeneration of important tree
species

• Soil and water conservation

• Studies of mangrove forests, eco-tour-
ism, wildlife protection, the environ¬
mental impact assessment, and nursery
techniques of important trees species

• Studies on growth and yield of impor¬
tant tree species

• Human resource management problems

• Protection of endangered species

• Development of marine eco-system

• Planting stock improvement of impor¬
tant species

• Management of wetland and

• Farm forestry package for rural areas

The IFGTB has now proposed the follow¬
ing collaborative projects with the AN DE &
F, but the work is yet to start:

1. Regeneration ecology of economically
important tree species of ANI.

2. Genetic variability and selection in natu¬
ral population ofArtocarpus species.

Besides, IFGTB, Coimbatore, the Forest
Research Institute, Dehra Dun is also carrying
out certain projects in these islands. It is now
in the process of revising the ‘Forest flora of
Andamans’ by Parkinson.

6. 1. 7. ZSI

ZSI has been conducting surveys of the vari¬
ous faunal groups in the islands. It has just
completed a survey of the coral reefs in the is¬
lands, in March and April 2001.

36

6.1.8. ANIFPDC

The ANIFPDC has been involved in the man¬
agement of leased forest areas of Little Anda¬
man and North Andaman. Tt also carried out
plantation activity and natural regeneration of
tropical forest. It maintains rubber & red oil
palm plantations. It is now becoming involved
with ecotourism.

6. 2 . Union Territory Administration’s De¬
partments

6.2.1. AH & VS

The AH & VS has imported quality animals in
the past for upgrading the stock found locally.
It is involved in establishing goat farms. While
import of cattle has been stopped, artificial in¬
semination using frozen semen is now used to
upgrade stock. It is estimated that the number
of cattle on the islands will decrease because
of both the introduction of superior stock as
well as the reduction of scrub animals.

6. 2. 2. AN D E & F

The Department of Environment and Forests
is the largest manager of land and biologi¬
cal resources in the islands. 7171 km 2 out of
the total area of 8549 km 2 area of the islands
(86%) is Protected Forest, Reserve Forest or
Protected Area, and comes under the manage¬
ment of this department. Protection of forests
remains the primary charge of the department.
70% of the forest area is totally protected and
therefore the department has to engage a large
force to protect the area from all kinds of in¬
terference. It implements and enforces a large
number of legislations for this purpose. It had
set aside 30% of the forest area for production
forestry and had operated 15% of the forest
area under the Andaman Canopy Lifting Sys¬
tem from 1952 to 2002. This 15% area is now
required to be managed for meeting the local
needs of timber and NTFP. Though the Depart¬
ment had formulated a State Forestry Action
Programme (SFAP) for the period from 1997
to 2017, as a part of the National Forestry Ac¬
tion Programme (NFAP), this would require a

drastic change in view of the recent orders of
the Supreme Court accepting the recommenda¬
tions of Shekhar Singh who was appointed as
Commissioner to report on the State of forests
and other allied matters. The department also
undertakes research in various fields of forest¬
ry and wildlife either alone or in collaboration
with other reputed organizations, generally
following the guidelines formulated in prior¬
ity areas identified in the National Forestry
Research Plan (NFRP), prepared by the Indian
Council of Forestry Research and Education.
The state level research priorities identified in
the National Forestry Research Plan and the
prioritized research problems for Andaman &
Nicobar Islands are the following:

• Biodiversity conservation and utilization

• Biodiversity assessment and monitoring

• Natural regeneration of important species

• Wood preservation techniques

• Soil & water conservation including in¬
tegrated watershed management

• Studies on mangrove forests

• Protection of wildlife

• Environmental impact assessment of
eco-tourism

• Nursery techniques

• Studies on growth and yield of impor¬
tant species

• Human resource management of forest
department.

The management of the wildlife and pro¬
tected areas is carried out as per the National
Wildlife Action Plan (2002-2015). Keep¬
ing in view the recent trends in forest and
ecosystem management, the department has
proposed new schemes for ecotourism, man¬
grove area management and forest protection
in the 5-year Plan (2002-2007). Continuing
schemes include: strengthening of the for¬
est administration, training, research, survey
and demarcation, natural regeneration, NTFP
development, forest extension, resource sur¬
vey, saw milling and wildlife & biodiversity
conservation. In implementation of these pro¬
grammes and schemes, the department takes
into consideration the various recommenda¬
tions of the committees, commissions, work¬
shops, seminars and research organizations
which have been accepted by the Govern-

37

ment. These include: the Coimbatore Charter
on Environment and Forests, Report of the
Committee on Prevention of illegal trade in
wildlife and its products (Subramaniam Com¬
mittee), Committee on Improvement in the
service conditions of Range Forest Officers
(Pande Committee), Committee on Human
Resource Development (Tiwari Committee).
The department also takes care of all the sub¬
jects addressed under the various U. N. Con¬
ventions and agreements, including climate
change, biodiversity, ozone protection, deser¬
tification, wetlands, forestry and hazardous
substances. The department is the enforcing
agency of various Central legislations like the
Indian Forest Act, 1927, Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1972, Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980,
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1976 and all the rules framed under the
above Acts, which have a direct bearing on
the conservation of biodiversity. The depart¬
ment in collaboration with the Directorate of
Education and the C.P.R. Environmental Edu¬
cation Centre is implementing the programme
of National Green Corps, for the purpose of
creating environmental awareness among the
school children, besides organizing various
programmes independently on the occasion
of World Forestry Day, World Environment
Day, Van Mahotsava and the Wildlife Week.

6. 2. 3. DRDA

This Department implements development
schemes in the rural areas. Many of these, such
as check dams and rural water supply, are de¬
pendent on the healthy state of the watersheds.

WLPA (1972) provisions will be in the hands
of the Forest Dept.

6. 2. 5. DIP & T

The Information, Publicity and Tourism (IP
&T) Dept, sets tourism policy for the islands.
It has built and maintains a number of tour¬
ist guesthouses, most notably in Port Blair,
and at Culhbert Bay and Kalipur. It has iden¬
tified several areas in which tourism is to be
expanded. Environmental concerns have to be
in the forefront in choosing sites for tourism.
As per the recommendations of Shekhar Singh
Commission accepted by the Supreme Court,
tourism in all forest areas has to be controlled
and regulated by the Forest Department and no
permanent/ eoncrete infrastructure is to be cre¬
ated in forest areas for tourism.

Of special note here is the Master plan for
Tourism prepared by the World Tourism Organ¬
isation. This makes calculations of tourist car¬
rying capacity based on water availability and
the capability to treat sewage. The carrying ca¬
pacity projected appears to be high and caution
needs to be exercised before implementing any
of this. Further studies are required and these
are addressed later in this document.

6. 2 .6. Revenue Department

This Department controls most of the non¬
forest land in the islands. These include the
agricultural lands around the settlements. It
also controls access to the Nicobar Islands, by
means of administering a tribal areas permit
system, as well as to all the tribal reserves

6. 2. 7. JNRM

6. 2. 4 . Directorate Of Fisheries The Jawaharlal Nehru Rajkeeya Mahavidya-

- laya (JRNM) is the only degree college in the

This department licences fishing boats and islands, and is affiliated to Pondicherry Uni-
fishing/shell fishing in earmarked areas, main- versity. Faculty members have carried out re¬
tains fisheries statistics and enforces regula- i search on butterflies and mangroves,
tions laid down by the Fisheries Regulation

and shell fishing Regulation. The current : 6.2.8. Directorate of Tribal Welfare

ban on sharks, sea cucumber and shells will

mean that the licenses it provides will have to The Tribal Welfare Dept, oversees all as-
bc drastically curtailed. Enforcement of the pects of the welfare of the different tribal

38

groups of the AN! and has produced a mas¬
ter plan, which requires review and modi¬
fications. The Tribal Reserves of Andamans
arc legally Reserved Forests and come under
the control of the Dept, of Environment and
Forests as well as the Deputy Commission¬
er, who implements the Andaman and Nico¬
bar Islands (Protection of Aboriginal Tribes)
Regulation.

6. 3. Research institutes

6 . 3 . 1 . KFRI

KFRl has done research on rattans of the is¬
lands (Renuka, 1995).

6.3. 2 . Pondicherry University

The Ecology Dept, of Pondicherry Univer¬
sity has sent a number of researchers usually
working towards their master’s thesis, sup¬
ported by ANET. Research done has been
on epiphytes, forest regeneration, bird and
butterfly distributions, and on little known
species such as the Andaman day gecko, ma¬
rine turtles and the yellow-lipped sea krait.
The Tourism Administration Dept, has also
done some work on aspects of tourism here.
The University has established a Centre for
Ocean and Island Studies, which has a marine
biology department, offering a M. Sc. degree
in marine biology since 2000, and this will
meet the need for marine biologists for these
islands.

6. 3 . 3 . SACON

The Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and
Natural History has conducted research on
a number of important bird species that are
endemic to these islands. These include the
Nicobar megapode, the Narcondam hombill,
and the Andaman teal. Currently there is an
important project going on ex-situ conserva¬
tion of edible nest swiftlets. SACON has also
carried out a study of feral elephants on Inter¬
view Island in 1993.

6 . 3 . 4 . WII

WII has been involved in a study of the coral
reefs of the MGMNP. This includes 30 new
records for the islands, and was published in
September 2000.

6.4. Non-governmental organisations

6. 4 . 1 . ANET

This is a division of the Madras Crocodile
Bank Trust and maintains a research sta¬
tion at North Wandoor, South Andaman. It
is involved in research covering a number
of tax a and education programmes cover¬
ing several schools. It has advised the De¬
partment of Environment and Forests on a
number of wildlife and conservation related
issues. It has experienced researchers and is
positioned to initiate any ecological study
rapidly.

ANET conducts a variety of biological
research programmes, including biogeog¬
raphy and ecological studies and survey
of herpetofauna, sea turtles and crocodiles
since 1977. Another research priority of the
Team is to understand the requirements and
feelings of the islanders to help develop
practical and culturally acceptable means of
utilising the islands’ natural resources in a
sustainable fashion.

ANET aims to teach local people of the
“workings” of the fragile island ecology
and help them understand the dangers of
putting too much pressure on its resourc¬
es. The Team also endeavours to instill a
greater level of environmental awareness;
that is, stakeholders are encouraged to ap¬
preciate nature and take an active interest in
conserving the islands wildlife and habitats.
Further to this, ANET supports and trains lo¬
cal teachers, school children, settlers, people
from the armed forces and naturalists so that
they can build upon its conservation efforts.
It has also helped produce an environmen¬
tal education book, “Treasured Islands” for
teaching school children, in two languages.

39

6 . 4 . 2 . AAJVS

This agency is responsible for implementing
welfare programmes for the tribal groups in
the islands.

6 . 4 . 3 . BNHS

BNHS has conducted several bird surveys in
the islands.

6 . 4 . 4 . SANE

SANE has been at the forefront of environ¬
mental activism in the islands. It was responsi¬
ble for the PIL that led to the recent judgement
of the Supreme Court.

6 . 4 . 5 . WWF

WWF has funded conservation volunteers
here who have worked in the field of water¬
shed management.

7. Identification of stakeholders

The Government Departments, Research In¬
stitutions and the NGO listed above, who are
the major stakeholders, were asked to define
their stake in biodiversity issues. The follow¬
ing issues relevant to the stakeholders have
been identified:

7. i. Central Government departments

7.1.1. BSI

The Botanical Survey of India has major re¬
search programs, detailed earlier.

7 . 1 . 2 . CARI

CARI does research on various aspects of ag¬
ricultural productivity, including crop trials
and problems caused by insect pests.

7 . 1 . 3 . CDRI

CDR1 is conducting studies on medicinal
plants and on malaria control.

7.1.4. Dept, of Space

The Department of Space has collaborated
with the Department of Environment and For¬
ests in the project on Biodiversity Characteri¬
zation at Landscape Level, and has provided
management inputs in identifying the areas
that are biologically rich and areas that are
vulnerable and which need increased protec¬
tion. It has helped in use of Geographical In¬
formation Systems (GIS) in forest administra¬
tion, planning and resource management by
establishing the National (Natural) Resource
Information System.

7 . 1 . 5 . ICFRE

ICFRE is carrying out collaborative projects
with the Department of Environment and For¬
ests, through its institutes, especially. Forest
Research Institute, Dehra Dun and the Insti¬
tute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding,
Coimbatore.

7 . 1 . 6 . NBRI

NBRI has carried out a project on medicinal
plants and their use by various communities.
The ongoing project on bio prospecting of me¬
dicinal plants would continue.

7 . 1 . 7 . ZSI

The Zoological Survey of India has recently
implemented a major project funded by UNDP
where intensive work was done on the taxono¬
my and classification of marine organisms.

7 . 1 . 8 . ANIFPDC

ANIFPDC was involved in logging and planta¬
tion operations, especially on Little Andaman
Island. It is now getting increasingly involved

40

in promoting eco-dcvelopment/ ecotourism
activities,

7.2. Union Territory Administration's De¬
partments.

7 . 2 . 1 . DE&F

This is the largest land manager in the Anda¬
mans. 7171 km 2 out of the total area ol' 8549
km 2 area of the islands (83%) is either Protect¬
ed Forest, Reserve Forest or Protected Area,
and comes under the management of the De¬
partment of Environment and Forests

Timber operations will be carried out to
meet the local needs. Encroachment in forest
areas is a major problem, and effective steps
are being taken to evict the encroachers and to
prevent further encroachments. The additions
to the schedules under the Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1972 made in 2002, which protect sharks,
shells, and sea cucumbers, will be enforced
by the Forest Dept. Additional investments in
training and new staff will be required if it is
to fulfill its role

The increasing importance of wildlife
and biodiversity conservation would require
strengthening of the wildlife wing, with ad¬
ditional manpower, mobility, research ca¬
pability and setting up of a Wildlife Crime
Records Bureau and Wildlife Forensic Sci¬
ence Lab. The increasing concerns of the
environmental protection would require
strengthening of the environment wing also
with capacity building to detect and abate
environmental pollution and also for pros¬
ecution of polluters.

7. 2 . 2 . Fisheries

The increased emphasis on promotion of fish¬
eries would require the department to play a
greater role both as a facilitator and a regula¬
tor. Future potential lies in deep-sea fishing,
brackish water aquaculture, mariculture, mud
crab fattening, pearl culture and tiger prawn
production.

7 . 2 . 3 . IP&T

The Information, Publicity and Tourism (IP
&T) Dept, sets tourism policy for the islands.
Tourism is yet another priority sector identi¬
fied for the economic development of the is¬
lands. Tourism will have effect on the utiliza¬
tion of the resources available in these islands
and the accompanying pollution. Tourism in
coastal and forest areas will have impact on
the marine and forest ecosystems. Controlled
development of tourism with no or low impact
on the environment is called for.

7. 2 .4. Tribal Welfare

This Dept, is to ensure the welfare of the tribes.
It sets the policies for tribal welfare, and the
implementation is done by the AAJVS, nomi¬
nally an NGO but whose executives are civil
servants. This has to work hand in hand with
the Anthropological Survey of India.

7. 3. Research institutes

7. 3 . i. CAS in Marine Biology (Annama-
lai University)

This is carrying out research on the marine flo¬
ra and fauna of the Great Nicobar Biosphere
Reserve.

7 . 3 . 2 . SACON

S ACON has conducted surveys on a number of
threatened bird species in the islands, namely,
Nicobar Megapodcs, Narcondam Hombills,
Andaman Teal and Edible-nest Swiftlets. It is
currently implementing a programme for in-
situ and ex-situ conservation of the swiftlets.

7 . 3 . 3 . WII

WI1 has conducted a survey of coral reefs in the
MGMNP. At present, it is engaged in a study
on consolidation of protected area network and
elimination of exotics from these islands.

41

7 . 4 . NGOs

7 . 4 . i. ANET

ANET is the oldest environmental NGO in the
islands.

7 . 4 . 2 . AAJVS

This organization implements the tribal policy
of the A & N Administration.

7. 4 . 3 . Andaman Science Association

The Andaman Science Association publishes a
journal where scientists from different disci¬
plines contribute articles relating to these is¬
lands. These form a very important reference
material.

7 . 4 . 4 . SANE

An environment activist group that has been
in the forefront in several issues. It has been
active in espousing tribal causes, and has Pub¬
lic Interest Litigation ongoing to prevent en¬
croachment in the Onge Reserve as well as to
reduce contact with Jarawas.

7 . 4 . 5 . WWF

WWF has a conservation volunteer in the is¬
lands at the moment. It has implemented a vil¬
lage pond in Wandoor village for the supply of
water during the dry season.

7.4.6. Kalpavriksh

Kalpavnksh has been involved with ANETin
the islands for several years. It has brought out
a teachers manual with ANET that has gener¬
ated a great deal of interest in the environment
of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Recently
they are involved in litigation regarding log¬
ging and tribal affairs.

7. 4.7. CPREEC, Chennai

This is the Resource Agency for the implemen¬
tation of the National Green Corps in these is¬

lands in collaboration with the Department of
Environment and Forests and the Directorate
of Education.

7 . 5 . Settlers

The different settler groups that have been
identified are:

7. 5 . i. Bengali

Bengalis were brought in as settlers in the
1952-3, with Middle Andamans being used
for settlement in the early 1950’s and North
Andaman around 1957-1959. After this, there
has been a continuing influx especially over
the last decade. These appear to be predomi¬
nantly refugees from Bangladesh, and they
have become rural farmers. Some of them
have converted to fishing. Medicinal plants
used are mainly ones brought by them from
Bengal. Bengali settlements in Little Anda¬
man happened between 1969-1974, and part
of the Onge Rfeserve was denotified as a result
of this.

7. 5.2. Chota Nagpuri

This community has several components,
mainly tribes from the Jharkhand and Chat-
tisgarh regions. They were brought here be¬
fore independence as forest labour. More
arrived after 1948 to clear land for the new
wave of settlers. They occupy mainly Gov¬
ernment jobs. In rural areas they are concen¬
trated around Baratang Island. They have
developed rich ethno botany from the local
plants.

7.5.3. Tamil

These are mainly recent immigrants, and
tend to come from the Ramnad area of Tamil
Nadu. A number also moved here from Burma,
where they had previously been settled. They
are mainly urban dwellers, and form a signifi¬
cant part of the fishing community. They are
also involved with business, transport, trading,
contractors, construction labour, sand mining
and road work.

42

7.5.4. Telugu

An estimated 75% of the fishermen here be¬
long to this community, and arc from Ncllore,
Srikakulam and Vishakapatnam.

7. 5 .5. Sri Lankan Tamil

Refugees from Sri Lanka were settled here in
the 1960’s. There is a settlement growing rub¬
ber on Katchal Island in the Nicobars.

7.5. 6. Karen

Karens were brought to the Andamans from
Burma as forest labour in 1925. The commu¬
nity numbers 3000 totally, of which 600 live
near Mayabundcr. They arc agriculturalists,
fishermen, and work in Govt. Departments.
Other communities have adopted their dug out
canoes for fishing and transporting.

7.5.7. Malayali

The Moplah community was brought here as
convicts in the 1920’s. Recently there has been
an influx from other parts of Kerala. They
are rice cultivators in North Andaman (Ker-
alapuram) and in Middle Andaman (Betapur).
A substantial number hold government jobs or
are shopkeepers.

7. 6 . Hoteliers

A large number of hotels have sprung up, es¬
pecially in the last decade, to cater to the in¬
creased inflow of tourists. These range from
small lodges to large resorts, ranging in quality
up to 3-star status.

In urban areas, most of the smaller hotels
are badly located and built, and lead to both
congestion and the production of untreated ef¬
fluents. In coastal areas there is pressure from
business interests to relax the CRZ regulations
to allow new complexes near the beaches.
These are likely to lead to major environmen¬
tal degradation if approved.

7.7. Tour operators

A lot of new businesses have come up in the
islands over the last decade. A substantial
number cater to the needs of tourists. These
include travel agents, boat operators, tour
guides, taxis, van and bus operators. They also
include transport vehicle operators who de¬
pend substantially on tourism.

7. 8. Indigenous people

The different tribal groups are heavily depend¬
ent on natural resource use. The Nicobaris are
dependent on fishing; the Andamanese, Jarawa,
Ongc, Sentinelese and Shompen are hunter-
gatherers. The resource use patterns of the
different tribal groups are not understood and
these need to be studied as a first step in any
programme oriented towards their welfare.

7 . 9 . Fishermen

These include domestic fishermen and foreign
poachers. Information - both primary data as
well as from other sources- is being gathered
on type of catch, fishing areas, and quantities
taken. A preliminary analysis shows that 10
shark fishermen account for over 240 tonnes
of shark catch per year.

From the fishery point of view the indigene-
ous populations of ANI do not have a fishing
community as such though they arc known to
catch fish for their own consumption. Fishing
as a commercial activity is of a relatively recent
origin. Fishermen from Andhra Pradesh, Ker¬
ala, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal have come
to the islands through the settlement scheme
of the Government or voluntarily. There are
about 2256 fishermen families with a popula¬
tion of approximately over 11500. The popula¬
tion of active fishermen are around 2150.

Traditional craft, dinghies, and motorized
and small-mechanized boats mainly carry out
fishing. The fishing fleet of the Islands com¬
prises of 1262 country crafts, 247 motorised
and seven mechanical boats.

43

7. io. Defence

The Navy and Coast Guard play a major pro¬
tective role in guarding against poaching by
foreign vessels. In 2001, the Andaman and
Nicobar Command was established and is a
joint command for the defence services. This
will lead to the induction of many more per¬
sonnel into the islands and an increased in¬
frastructure. Proper environmental planning
has to be integrated into the expansion of this
Command to avoid degradation.

8 . Cross-cutting themes

8. i. Gender

No special issues pertaining to gender issues
have been identified in the course of preparing
this document, except for the fact that women
do not fish; in some communities they are in¬
volved in marketing and trade. Several work
in Govt, departments, schools and the college. ;

8 . 2. Equity

Money lending is extremely prevalent in rural
areas, especially among the Bengali and Tamil
community. Interest rates are usurious, and
this leads to a greater use of natural resources
than necessary.

8.3. People’s Empowerment

The decisions as to where and how Govern¬
ment funds should be spent are taken in Port
Blair, itself in most of the cases. The process
of consultation with the public representatives
is through the District Planning Committee,
which approves the various proposals put for¬
ward by the Government Departments.

9. Actions needed to plug gaps and
strengthen ongoing programmes

The ANI are one of the ecologically most sen¬
sitive bio geographic zones of the country. It
has been demonstrated that small actions here

have major impact, impacts that would not be
felt elsewhere. It has to also be noted that 19%
of the fauna here is endemic, so loss of area
leading to extinction have more serious conse¬
quences here than elsewhere.

The NBSAP paradigm here must be to pro¬
tect as much of this area as possible. Revenue
would be earned from tourism and sea-based
activities after a careful study. Agricultural ac¬
tivity is deleterious and must be phased out.
Immigration and encroachment arc the top pri¬
ority for enforcement agencies.

Site-specific threats have been dealt with in
Appendix 3. The more general ones arc given
below.

9. i. Impact assessment of tourism on bio¬
diversity

What is known?

Existing tourist spots are getting increas¬
ingly polluted, with noise and plastic. In¬
creased encroachment for constructing shops
and lodges has occurred. Corals have been
damaged, occurences of beach forest fire and
compacting of turtle nesting beaches.

The existing infrastructure is inadequate to
support increased tourism. There is scope for
low volume, high value tourism, preferably
eco-tourism on limited circuits without crea¬
tion of any permanent structure in the forest
areas.

Summary of actions to be taken:

• EIAs to be done before opening up new
areas for tourism (see under ‘Multi-sec¬
tored’ action plans).

• Involvement of local residents in devel¬
opment activities, and ensuring that ben¬
efits from any development go to them.

• Establishment of the appropriate protec¬
tion and monitoring mechanism to con¬
trol tourism.

• Prevention of environmental degrada¬
tion to corals and other natural resources
through an awareness generation pro¬
gramme.

• Elimination of subsidies for tourists.

• Elimination of tribal tourism for VIPs
and restricting the same touted by travel
agencies and tour operators and hotels.

44

Summary of research priorities:

• Impact assessment of existing tour¬
ist sites, the benefits it has brought
in tenns of development to the area,
and the additional income to the resi¬
dents.

• Determining whether carrying capacity
is relevant to the context of the islands
and determining limiting factors due to
infrastructure, transport and food avail¬
ability.

9 . 2. Impact assessment of forestry opera¬
tions on biodiversity

What is known?

Preliminary studies have shown that
the forest structure and composition have
changed because of logging. Changes were
noted in most areas out of the 15% forest
area taken up for operation under the Anda¬
man Canopy Lifting System, as per the ob¬
jective of management to increase the com¬
mercial value of the forest. Timber and MFP
are important items for local use. Forest pro¬
tection is the primary charge of the AN DE
& F, but its infrastructure for the purpose of
mobility and communication as well as man¬
power is inadequate to perform this function
effectively. Boundary disputes exist between
the forest and the revenue areas, which need
settlement quickly for effective protection.
The subordinate forest staff need training in
enforcement of various legislation and also
in recent trends in forestry and forest man¬
agement. The residential buildings available
with the department are inadequate for the
manpower required, especially in the remote
and difficult areas, and this acts as a disin¬
centive for serving in remote areas. There are
a large number of protected areas, but many
do not have management plans. Timber utili¬
zation needs improvement and facilities for
timber treatment need augmentation. The
coastal ecosystems are threatened by sand
collection and need effective protection. The
mangroves are rich and need protection. Low
volume, high value eco-tourism needs to be
promoted in forest areas for the purpose of
education.

Actions to be taken;

• Information on various aspects of the
functioning of the department needs to
be collected, analyzed and disseminated
for efficiency and for transparent and
responsive administration. This should
be done through application of Man¬
agement Information System (MIS)
and Geographic Information System
(GIS) and establishment of Local Area
Network (LAN) connecting all the of¬
fices. Effective communication network
should be established through VHF and
HF wireless communication.

• Since logging is being restricted to
meeting only local needs, the introduc¬
tion of Reduced Impact Logging is pos¬
sible. Reduced Impact Logging using
only elephants is more favourable to the
mechanical logging using tractors and
bulldozers.

• Large-scale cultivation of cane and bam¬
boo on all degraded land has to be taken
up as a high priority long-term activity.
The research leading to this has to be¬
gin immediately. Introduction of solid/
thick walled bamboos not found in these
islands would help in meeting the con¬
structional needs in the rural areas and
reduce the pressure on forests for bailies
and posts, which is currently reducing
the regeneration of forests. This should
be done after proper trials.

• Removal of trees from private hilly
lands should be done by the AND E& F,
and not by contractors. Suitable legisla¬
tion has to be enacted to regulate felling
in non-forest areas.

• The forestry training needs to be
strengthened with in-service training,
promotion-linked training, etc., espe¬
cially in implementation of the various
legislation and latest forestry practices.

• The Forest Settlement process needs to
be expedited, and forest land records
should be created after settling all bound¬
ary disputes between forest and revenue
areas, for effective protection as well as
forest management. Modem technology,
such as GIS, should be employed.

45

In view of the recent orders of the Su¬
preme Court, all Working Plans are be¬
ing revised.

The National Green Corps established
in 100 schools should address various
subjects such as solid waste manage¬
ment, pollution control, afforestation,
maintenance of parks and open spac¬
es, dissemination of information and
creation of awareness. The extension
activity shall be expanded with the in¬
volvement of the Panchayati Raj Insti¬
tutions.

The staff posted in difficult and far-flung
remote areas shall be provided with
proper accommodation, so that they can
effectively attend to forest protection
and afforestation.

The Protected Areas shall be covered
by Management Plans and the Wildlife
wing shall be strengthened to cope with
the increasing pressure, due to extension
of the area to be proteeted to marine eco¬
system also. Capacity building in habitat
management and monitoring should be
the priority. Ex-situ conservation when
required can be carried out in the Bio¬
logical Park under construction.
Poaching and illegal trade in wildlife
can be controlled by increasing the mo¬
bility and communication facilities of
staff, organizing intelligence gathering
and crime prevention, better coordina¬
tion with other law-enforcement agen¬
cies and extra vigilance at exit points of
this territory.

The saw milling should be made more
efficient by modernization and timber
treatment facilities should be augmented
to increase the life of timber and thus re¬
duce its use.

The protection along the coastline must
be strengthened through increased mo¬
bility and communication network.

The mangrove areas should be surveyed
and mapped; the biodiversity in this
ecosystem must be assessed and docu¬
mented. The mangrove areas degraded
by excessive exploitation should be re¬
forested.

• Bee keeping and vanilla cultivation
needs to be encouraged as an income
activity especially in areas where pesti¬
cides are not used.

• Cane processing units should be recog¬
nised as industries, to supply furniture,
etc. for local consumption only. The
cultivation of canes and bamboos on
private and revenue lands has to be en¬
couraged.

• The A&N Administration must pass a set
of rules to complement the Indian Forest
Act, to strengthen its provisions to meet
the requirements of these islands, as the
current laws have a lot of loopholes.

• Only ecotourism, and no other, should
be promoted on limited circuits mainly
with a view to facilitate education and
appreciation of nature. Except for some
heritage tourism around Port Blair.

Research priorities:

Biodiversity assessments and conservation:
The extent of biodiversity at landscape level,
species level and genetic level needs to be
assessed and monitored continuously for the
purpose of conservation and utilization. Vari¬
ous research organizations such as Dept, of
Space, BSI, ZSI and Institute of Forest Genet¬
ics and Tree Breeding have to be involved in
the process.

• Mapping of forest areas: A comprehen¬
sive exercise to map all existing forest
areas, forest types and other land uses,
using a combination of satellite imagery
and ground truthing is an urgent priority.
This will enable identification of priority
areas for conservation and help in tak¬
ing management decisions related to the
number of personnel and resources to be
deployed in an area. This will also en¬
able the identification of fresh encroach¬
ments. This needs to be done within the
next three years.

• Changes in forest structure due to log¬
ging: Enumerations need to be carried
out at sites all over the islands to com¬
pare the composition of logged sites of
various ages with adjacent unlogged
ones to establish the extent of the change.
A detailed evaluation of Natural Regen-

eration Areas is also necessary. This will
enable areas to be identified tor future
logging operations that may be neces¬
sary to supply local needs.

Permanent study plots: These include
sample plots, preservation plots, tree
increment plots, canopy manipula¬
tion plots, introduction trial plots, seed
production areas, seed orchards, and
mangrove plots. This network needs
strengthening and expansion.

Browsing by introduced herbivores: The
presence of herbivores has affected for¬
est regeneration on logged sites because
some species are selectively browsed.
Enclosure experiments to exclude her¬
bivores in both unloggcd forest and nat¬
ural regeneration areas are required to
assess accurately the damage caused by
these herbivores and the control meas¬
ures to be taken.

Genetic improvement of plants: In the
area identified for timber extraction to
meet the local needs, the tree crop needs
to be improved by enrichment plantation
using genetically improved planting ma¬
terial. This requires carrying out genetic
improvement of the species for getting
quality planting stock. Study is required
on the seed biology, phenology, nurs¬
ery techniques and macro propagation
methods of a large number of species.
Pilot experiments for afforestation: Ar¬
eas of degraded land are to be found
at numerous places. Also, agricultural
production in certain areas is already so
low as to make farming non-remunera-
tive. These areas need to be brought un¬
der tree cover and to avoid any adverse
ecological impacts only local species
should be used. The silviculture of many
species, especially bamboo and cane,
is not known, and research is required.
Demonstration plots need to be set up
where local residents can see the ben¬
efits of planting various species.
Alternative livelihoods: Information on
income generation through fisheries,
tourism, forest products and other alter¬
natives to wood based industries is ur¬

gently required to make informed deci¬
sions on redeployment of stall'currently
involved with timber extraction.

• Rare and endangered plants: System¬
atic studies need to be conducted on
the geographical distribution, habitat,
and propagation of rare and endangered
species of plants that have already been
identified.

• Forest ecology: Studies on various as¬
pects of the ecology of the different
types of forests in the islands need to be
taken up. These include studies on nu¬
trient cycling and hydrology. Soil and
water conservation techniques also are
important in this high rainfal I area.

• Socio-economics: Detailed studies of
tire socio-economic aspects of the use of
the different forest produce will enable
the identification of critical stakeholder
groups who can be targeted for develop¬
ment activities.

• iVood preservation techniques: Further
research to conserve timber resources,
of which about 20,000 m 3 will continue
to be used annually, is required. While
considerable progress has already been
made, timber preservation techniques ap¬
propriate to the local species need to be
developed and promoted even further.

9 . 3 . Impact of sand mining on biodiversity

What is known?

Sand mining leads to the loss of beaches,
loss of coastal forest and reduction of sea tur¬
tle nesting habitats. It also reduces the value
of the beaches for tourism. Jetty construction
leads to the build up of sand on one side of the
jetty, and erosion on the other.

Currently, after the 2004 tsunami, most
beaches have been swept away and any re¬
moval will only lead to further inland destruc¬
tion. The beaches will form again, but may
take 3 to 6 years.

Actions to be taken:

* Licenses to be given tor production of
pulverised granite, which is used as a
substitute for sand on other oceanic is¬
lands. Granite quarrying sites to be se-

47

lectcd after proper impact assessment,
to prevent the recurrence of ugly land¬
scapes. Stricter monitoring of illegal
sand mining needs to be done.

• The software for the computer simula¬
tions of wave actions on the beaches
will have to be obtained and personnel
trained in its use. Computer simulations
should be conducted before the con¬
struction of any jetty. These should be
carried out for all existing jetties so that
modifications can be made to minimise
beach erosion.

• Environmental Impact Assessments of
all development activities have to be
made mandatory, and a strong EIA Cell
should be set up immediately with man¬
datory powers, that includes non-official
members. The Supreme Court in its re¬
cent orders has ordered that all develop¬
ment projects have to be sanctioned only
after EIA is carried out by a MoEF ap¬
proved agency.

• Import of river sand from mainland can
also be attempted as not much sand is re¬
quired now with likely future reductions.
The recommendations of Shekhar Singh
Commission are to use only treated tim¬
ber in all future constructions and to
switch over to “Assam type” construc¬
tions suitable for such seismic zones.
Sand mining should also be reduced, in
view of the Supreme Court order.

Research priorities:

• Extent of beach loss: The beach loss and
the loss of coastal forest have been ob¬
vious. What is not known is the extent
of erosion. Obtaining maps from the
1950’s, and using a GPS to plot the cur¬
rent coastline at selected sites can esti¬
mate the extent of the loss of beaches.
Since beach loss is a major cause of
concern within these islands, this activ¬
ity also becomes high priority.

• Floating barriers: Floating barriers
consisting of used car tyres have been
utilized in the USA to build up beaches
with considerable success. Experiments
need to be carried out here to establish
the feasibility of this approach.

• Tidal flows near jetties: This informa¬
tion will have to be gathered for each
jetty to use as inputs for the simulations.
These data will then be used to make de¬
sign modifications to jetties.

9.4. Impact assessment of fishing on biodi¬
versity

What is known?

There has been a reduction in number,
and a reduction in the mean size of individu¬
als caught. The catch per unit effort appears
to have declined, though there is no data to
back this up. Large sizes in groupers, sharks,
lobsters and crabs have become rare, and sea
cucumbers are not commonly seen in shallow
depths. The same applies for shells.

Actions to be taken:

• Increased monitoring of all kinds of fish
catch. Improved enforcement of exist¬
ing regulations, especially with regard
to fishing by local residents.

• Monitoring needs to be done to ensure
that the trawlers do not operate in cor¬
al bed areas which causes incalculable
damage to the ecosystem.

Research priorities:

• Catch per unit effort of different species:
It is not yet known what species are de¬
clining, and to what extent. A database
needs to be set up and methodologies
evolved to estimate catch per unit ef¬
fort on a periodic basis. This needs to be
done over a long term.

• Alternatives for shell diving and trade:
The Industries Dept, estimates that 2000
persons are solely involved in the shell
trade. The recent partial ban on shell col¬
lection is going to affect their livelihood
adversely. At the same time it is neces¬
sary to protect a resource that is rapidly
dwindled. The fishermen of Andaman
and Nicobar Islands do traditional fish¬
ing. For example, they employ gill nets,
hook & line, cast net, bag net and anchor
net. Provision should be made in the
Fisheries Act to ban shark fishing and to
restrict, by closed seasons, the catches of
groupers, lobsters and crabs to prevent

48

over exploitation. During the breeding
periods, fishing should be closed.

9. 5. Impact assessment of agriculture on
biodiversity

What is known?

A reduction in forest area has occurred be¬
cause of increasing agricultural activity, and
this has led to species loss, at present and in
the future. Crop yields are declining, and this
leads to increased dependence upon nearby
forest, ocean resources and their eventual deg¬
radation. Since there is no proper quarantine
at transit points, pests and diseases are being
introduced in crops from mainland India.
Actions to be taken:

• Monitoring and control of encroach¬
ments: Since these are a consequence of
immigration, steps to control immigra¬
tion are also necessary.

• In-situ and ex-situ conservation of wild
relatives of cultivated species.

• Development of cooperatives for mar¬
keting.

• Creation of cold storage facilities.

• Increase in number of well-trained de¬
velopment personnel.

• Better transport facilities.

• Information network.

• Control of soil erosion.

• Reclamation of saline land.

• Creation of additional facilities for ir¬
rigation and construction of ponds and
sunken wells.

• Establishment of quarantine facilities.

The following are not directly related to bi¬
odiversity conservation and are not discussed
in detail: demonstration of multi-cropping in
the Nicobars; introduction of organic fanning,
orchid cultivation and floriculture; value addi¬
tion to coconut and areca nut; spice cultiva¬
tion and extraction of oils (cinnamon, pepper,
cloves, and ginger); small scale rural indus¬
tries, like those developed by CSIR.

Summary of Research priorities:

• Avifaunal change with pesticide use:
Pesticides have been implicated, both
in mainland India and elsewhere, for a
loss in bird and insect diversities. An as¬

sessment of how species diversity in the
Andaman & Nicobar Islands has been
affected needs to be carried out to un¬
derstand whether it is necessary to phase
out pesticides.

• Agricultural production in the Nico¬
bars: Agriculture in the Nicobars has
been hit by ageing coconut plantations
as well as dropping copra prices. Re¬
search is required both from a socio¬
logical viewpoint (on how plantation
productivity can be enhanced) and from
an economic point of view, to establish
what value addition can be done in the
Nicobars. Also relevant is to establish
whether the Nicobari methods of farm¬
ing coconut and areca nut are in fact
more productive than those used else¬
where.

• Agro forestry alternatives to agricul¬
ture: Declining crop yields will neces¬
sitate shift in land use for agriculture to
agro forestry in a significant proportion
of the cropped area. Research and de¬
velopment of agro forestry operations
therefore needs to be done on a priority
basis.

• Protect from of crab-eating macaques:
Crab-eating macaques are a major prob¬
lem in coconut plantations, especially
on Great Nicobar Island. It is required to
experiment with techniques to prevent
the animals from damaging coconuts
and other crops.

• Identify encroachments using satellite
imagery: Rapid identification of areas
that have been encroached is extremely
important in reducing their occurrence.
New satellite imagery technology makes
it possible to identify land use changes
over extremely small areas. These need
to be integrated into the functioning of
the Forest and Revenue Departments.

9 . 6. Impact assessment of introduced do¬
mestic species

What is known?

Grazing by domestic animal species is al¬
ready causing degradation in forest areas.

49

Seven species have gone feral in the Nico-
bars after the tsunami and this is of a major
concern. This can cause long tcnn effects on
local fauna and flora, mainly on Great Nicobar
Island.

Actions to be taken:

• Incentives have to be created for stall-
feeding. These could involve upgrading
cattle breeds with high milk yields, and
prevention of free-range grazing,

• Planting of fodder trees, together with
dairying and value addition such as
cheese production need to be introduced
on a professional level.

• Strict enforcement is necessary to ensure
that animals do not graze in forest areas,
especially in the tribal reserves.

• Reducing the quantity of livestock by
improving quality.

• Urgently formulated action plans and
immediately implemented for removal
of domestic pigs, goats, cows, dogs, cats
and chickens that have become feral af¬
ter the tsunami in the Nicobar Islands
and mainly on Great Nicobar Island.
Cows, goats and pig can be caught and
handed over to settlers and to the Nico-
bare people. The Nicobare people, who
have already stared to collect some of
their animals (Chandi, per. com), and the
settlers can be given this responsibility
as an income generation option.

Research priorities:

• ‘Carrying capacity’ studies: The daily
requirement for milk in the islands is not
known. The total requirement of draught
animals for farming is not known. The
requirement of meat from goats is not
known. Research aimed at gathering this
information will allow policies to limit
livestock to be implemented.

9 . 7. Impact of medicinal plants

What is known?

Every tribal group in the islands has a rich
ethno botanical tradition, but most of these
traditions are not well documented. Some
groups from mainland India, such as those
from Chota Nagpur, have developed their

own medicines using endemic plants, over
the last fifty years (Appendix 16). The Ka¬
rens in Middle Andamans have their own
plant-based medical system based on knowl¬
edge brought from Myanmar. MNC pharma¬
ceutical companies have been prospecting
for plants with medicinal values over the rest
of India, and it is entirely likely that this has
been happening and/or will soon be happen¬
ing in the Andamans as well.

Actions to be taken:

• Steps need to be taken immediately to
ensure that any medicine that is ob¬
tained from traditional tribal knowl¬
edge is patented in the name of the
tribe, and a mechanism must be set
up to ensure that the benefits go to the
tribe.

• Checks at the airport and ports must be
extended to plant materials as well.

Research priorities:

• More information: The work on ethno
botany being carried out now needs to
be considerably expanded in scope.

• Species information: After collec¬
tion, identification and processing in
a herbarium of a species of medicinal
value, research will have to be done on
its propagation, its phytochemical and
pharmacological properties, and its con¬
servation.

9. 8 . Impact of wild relatives of cultivars

What is known?

Wild relatives of many of the cultivated
plants exist in the forests of ANI, such as wild
rice, wild areca nut, wild betel leaf, wild gin¬
ger, wild tumeric and wild nutmeg.

Actions to be taken:

• Botanical surveys have to be conducted
to identify the distribution of the wild
relatives of cultivars.

• The wild relatives of cultivars are re¬
quired to be assembled in a gennplasm
bank.

• They are required to be characterized in
terms of their growth characteristics as
well as special genetic qualities, such as,
resistance to pests and diseases, toler-

50

ance to physico-chemical stress in the
environment.

Research priorities:

• Systematic experimentation: Studies to
improve cultivars using wild relatives
should be undertaken through conven¬
tional and non-conventional breeding
techniques.

9. 9. Encroachments and their impact on
biodiversity:

What is known?

About 4000 ha of forest land is under en¬
croachment. This has caused fragmentation
of the forests and disturbance to the flora and
fauna.

Actions to be taken:

• A GJS Cell already exists with the Forest
Department. Satellite data must be used
for immediate identification of fresh en¬
croachments and their eviction.

Research priorities:

• Development of GIS methodology: A
methodology suited to these islands to
identify encroachments based on satel¬
lite imagery needs to be developed and
implemented.

• Training: FD staff requires training in
the use of GIS. Field staffs require train¬
ing in the use of GPS to quickly and ac¬
curately locate and map problem areas.

9. io. Assessment of resource use by differ¬
ent communities and their impact

What is known?

Until now, attempts to bring tribal groups,
excluding the Nicobarese, into the mainstream
have led to declining populations, the threat of
extinction for some.

Actions to be taken:

• The welfare programmes for the tribals
to be undertaken in future, will depend
on the policy recently formulated by the
Govt, of India in consultation with the
experts.

• The policy lays down that the traditional
knowledge of Jarawas including ethno-

medicine shall be preserved and docu¬
mented.

• The policy also aims at codification of
the Jarawa language, so that communi¬
cation with them becomes easy.

• The natural resources within the tribal
reserves shall be left intact for the exclu¬
sive use of the aboriginal tribes and no
extraction of any natural resource shall
be undertaken by the Administration.

Research priorities:

• Human ecology of all the indigeneons
groups: The population dynamics, for¬
aging patterns, nutrition and behavioural
patterns of all these tribal groups are un¬
derstood at a very superficial level. In¬
tensive studies need to be initiated in all
these aspects.

• Use of medicinal plants: There are many
new medicines to be discovered by stud¬
ying the ethno botany of the different
tribal groups. These need to be docu¬
mented, tested and then patented in the
name of the tribal community involved.
The implications of doing this needs
to be considered carefully in advance,
since an inflow of plant collectors into
the tribal reserves would be undesir¬
able.

9 . ii. Assessment of immigration patterns
and impact of demographic pres¬
sures

What is know n?

Increased immigration has led to increas¬
ing agricultural activity. Such activity leads to
encroachments, resulting in soil loss, loss of
productivity and damage to coral reefs.
Actions to be taken:

* Comprehensive steps have to be taken
to prevent further influx into the islands.
These can include removing the subsidy
on ship fares for non-locals, and intro¬
duction of regulation to restrict entry
into and residence in these islands.

Research priorities:

• Population projections: Using different
scenarios of immigration, these would

51

help in proper planning for infrastruc¬
ture development.

• Reasons for immigration: We do know,
to an extent, what has attracted the in¬
flow of people from mainland India.
Increased and better business opportu¬
nities, higher wages and easy availabil¬
ity of land for encroachment contribute
to immigration. We do not know where
they come from (except for region), the
reasons they chose to come here and
the employment they get here. We also
do not know the role subsidies play in
this. Detailed interviews with persons
who have come here in the last decade
are expected to throw light on this and
enable the Administration to come up
with measures to control further in¬
flow.

• Impact of human activities: In general,
the impact of human activities on coral
reefs, wetlands and rainforest ecosystems
and mangroves needs to be studied.

9.12. Assessment of mangroves

What is known?

Degradation and loss of mangroves is tak¬
ing place in some areas because of encroach¬
ments and cutting for domestic use.

Due to the substenance of the southern por¬
tion of South Andaman Island, large tracts of
mangroves have been destroyed.

Actions to be taken:

• Changing the status of mangroves in
Protected Forests to Reserve Forests is
necessary for effective protection.

• Satellite imagery combined with ground
truth is an urgent need to enable the de¬
lineation of all mangrove areas.

• in revenue areas, wherever the man¬
groves are still intact, they should either
be converted into forest areas with due
compensation or be preserved in the rev¬
enue area itself for ecological purposes
and for tourism.

Research priorities:

• Mangrove monitoring: A network to
monitor mangroves needs to be estab¬

lished using the guidelines lay down
by IUCN and GCRMN. This will allow'
tracking of changes in different areas
over a period of time.

• Mangrove fauna: While samples of
mangrove fauna have been collected at
several sites, many other sites, especially
in the Nicobars, remain unsurveyed for
their fauna. The fauna for several locali¬
ties, and their associations with particu¬
lar mangrove species, need to be worked
out.

9.13. Assessment of coastal ecosystems

What is known?

Beach erosion has occurred and is occur¬
ring because of sand mining. The ANI have
lost 21 marine turtle nesting beaches between
1981 and 2000 due to sand mining (Andrews
et al, 200Id). The ANT has over 100 sea turtle
nesting sites for four species (Appendix 17).
Areas north of South Andaman Island in the
Shole Bay area, intrusion of the sea occurred
by 1997. Mainly due to sand mining, and this
led to erosion of beach forest destroying 100s
of trees and intrusion of sea water into agri¬
cultural lands (Singh, 1997; Ali et ah, 2002).
Since some areas of littoral forests are fall¬
ing in revenue area, there is very little check
on felling and lighting fires, and encroach¬
ments.

Due to the subsidence of the Nicobars
most all coastal ecosystems have been de¬
stroyed.

Actions to be taken:

• Steps need to be taken to include the lit¬
toral forests in revenue area in Reserve
Forests. Pulverised granite has to be in¬
troduced immediately as a substitute for
sand.

• Due to the impacts of die tsunami, no
major management or conservation ef¬
fort is required for the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands. Planting and resto¬
ration programmes are currently not
required. It must be remembered that
mangroves, and casuarina plantations
do not protect from tsunamis. There are

52

other native littoral species (other than
Casuarina) that can be used to reduce
erosion along coast. Monitoring of the
natural mangrove regeneration and the
inland wetland habitats are required for
the next three years, at least, to conclude
status and permanent changes that will
occur.

• Further land surveys are required with
the aid of GPS for ground truthing and
GIS to derive the actual extent of beach
and reef flat loss, besides remapping the
entire Andaman and Nicobar Islands and
its topography

• There is a need, in the Nicobars, for
extensive planting of Pandams nic.o-
barensis, which occurs in the Nicobars,
and this species grows very fast. As for
Nypa fruticans, seeds and seedling can
be collected from the Andamans and
this species has been very successfully
propagated from seeds at ANET base.
However planting of these species can
be taken up only after the 2005- 2006
monsoon seasons. This will involve in¬
tensive surveys and assessments of is¬
lands and areas for planting and in con¬
sultation with the Nicobarese people for
their opinions and recommendations as
this will be very important.

• The sea turtle beaches that have been
affected will start to re-form after 2005
monsoons and other new beaches will
also build up in another two to three
years time and this will require moni¬
toring as marine turtles will find new
nesting islands and beaches.

Research priorities:

• Inventoring avifauna: Studies on migra¬
tory species, monitoring megapodc in
the Nicobars.

• Inventoring herpetofauna: Studies on
sea snakes, lizards and amphibians.

• Monitoring marine turtle nesting: Con¬
tinuation of ongoing studies and sur¬
veys.

• Inventoring small mammals: Intensive
studies on two species of tree shrews in
Great and Little Nicobar Islands.

9 . 14 . Assessment of wetlands

What is known:

These have been drained for agriculture
and development activities, mainly those that
are close to and around urban areas. Swamp
forest is rare now and is found only in PAs.
They harbour a number of endangered and
endemic species such as Andaman teal, croco¬
diles, freshwater fish and Andaman crake, be¬
sides other migratory wetland birds.

Actions to be taken:

• Protection of all wetland areas that have
already been identified is urgently re¬
quired.

• Routine monitoring of pesticides in
these wetlands is also necessary, besides
controlling poaching and fishing.

Research priorities:

• Identification and mapping of wetlands:
All the open wetlands in the islands need
to be identified using remote sensing
methods. These should then be surveyed
and areas identified should be integrated
into the protected area network.

• Ecological studies: Studies to be under¬
taken of the ecology of select wetlands
and their associated species. This would
have to be a multidisciplinary approach
and effort.

9 .1 5 . Assessment of coral reefs

What is known:

The area of coral reefs in the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands exceeds the land area, and is
being damaged due to a number of factors in¬
cluding siltation, trawling, dynamite fishing,
tourism and anchor damage.

Actions to be taken:

* Establishment of new marine national
park off the East and West coast of Mid¬
dle and North Andamans Islands.

Research priorities:

• Assessment of extent and diversity of
coral reefs: The species diversity of
corals, reef extent and fishes at differ¬
ent depths in different areas needs to be
studied in much greater detail to deter-

53

mine which areas should be protected in
the future.

• Assessment of the impact of fisheries,
fertilisers, siltation and pesticides on
coral reefs is required.

9.16. Assessment of medicinal plants

What is known?

All island indigenous groups have a rich
ethno-botanical tradition, that has largely not
been documented. Some groups from main¬
land India, such as those from Chota Nagpur,
have developed their own medicines using
island endemic plants, over the last 50 years.
The Karens in Middle Andamans have their
own plant based medicine system based on
knowledge brought from Myanmar. MNC
pharmaceutical companies have been pros¬
pecting for plants with medicinal values over
the rest of India, and it is entirely likely that
this has been happening in Andamans as
well.

Actions to be taken:

* Steps need to be taken immediately to
ensure that any medicine that is obtained
from traditional tribal knowledge is pat¬
ented in the name of the tribe, and a
mechanism must be set up to ensure that
the benefits go to the tribe.

• Checks at the airport and ports must be
extended to plant materials as well.

Research priorities:

More information: The work on cthno-
bolany being carried out now needs to be
considerably expanded in scope. Species in¬
formation: after collection, identification and
processing in a herbarium of a species of me¬
dicinal value. Research will have to be done
on its propagation, its phytochemical and
pharmacological properties, and its conserva¬
tion.

9 .17. Assessment of wild relatives of culti-
vars

What is known?

Some information is available on wild nut¬
meg, turmeric, wild ginger and few others, and

there is no scientific information on these, al¬
though they are known to occur in the islands.
Actions to be taken:

These need to be identified and studied.

Research priorities:

Systematic experimentation to improve
cultivars using wild counterparts should be
undertaken.

9 . is. Trade in wildlife species and foreign
poaching in coastal waters

What is know n?

There is information on smuggling of coral,
crocodile skins, shells, sea cucumbers, turtle
carapaces, deer antlers and skin and edible
nest swiftlet nests; both through local airports
and seaports, and by foreign poachers operat¬
ing here.

Actions to be taken:

• Forest Dept. stalThas to be involved with
the security checks at the airport and the
harbour. Increased staff at the ports is
also required, who wall conduct checks.

• Improved patrolling on reef areas and
along the coast of ANI.

9.19. Social forestry and JFM

What is known?

There has been no attempt at JFM in the
Andamans as no necessity was felt. Further
the models of JFM adopted in mainland are
not workable here.

Actions to be taken:

• JFM for a limited purpose of Joint For¬
est Protection can be tried on an experi¬
mental basis at three or four sites where
the forest is highly vulnerable.

• Social forestry can be taken up on all
cleared land that is taken over after the
eviction of encroachers on forest and
revenue land.

Research priorities:

• Tree improvement: Techniques have to
be developed for improving the quality
of trees to be planted on degraded land,
through conventional tree breeding by
clonal seed orchards, seedling seed or¬
chards and seed production areas of the

54

desired tree species. The advantage of
these trees is an improved yield reduc¬
ing dependence on forest resources; the
disadvantage is a lower genetic diver¬
sity, eliminating this as an option for
planting in forest areas reserved for
protection.

9.20. Protected areas management

What is known?

There are 96 wildlife sanctuaries and 6 Na¬
tional Parks notified under the Wildlife (Pro¬
tection) Act, 1972 (Appendix 18). Besides one
Biosphere Reserve and recently 26 areas have
been identified as IBAs in ANI (Appendix 19).
Actions to be taken:

• Demarcation of boundaries of all PAs.

• Notification of all proposed extensions
and buffer zones.

• Improved equipment and communica¬
tion system for all forest staff.

• More fast boats and vehicles to facilitate
patrolling.

• Coastline, coral reefs, sea grass beds and
other marine ecosystem monitoring and
management.

• Management plans for PAs, wetlands,
coral reefs, crocodiles and marine tur¬
tles.

• Since IBA areas have been identified,
these areas now require notification and
protection and should be done as soon
as possible. Protection generally needs
to be enhanced with increased staff and
facilities such as boats.

• Reorganisation of certain smaller PAs as
proposed by WII, TTPA, BSI and A NET,
so as to make their boundaries ecologi¬
cally sound and accord them effective
protection and management

• Arboreta and proper interpretation cen¬
tres should be set up in each important
protected area for public educational
purposes.

• Removal of introduced deer, dogs, cats
and elephants.

• Joint patrolling by co-ordination be¬
tween Forest Department, Police, Coast¬
guard and the Navy.

Research priorities:

• Mapping of vegetation types: A combi¬
nation of high-resolution satellite im¬
agery combined with ground truthing
will enable this. First level information
has already been provided by the study
on Biodiversity Characterization at land¬
scape level conducted by the Depart¬
ment of Space, GOI and the Department
of Environment & Forests.

• Identification of Key-stones: The above
exercise has provided information on
both the areas of biological richness and
areas of disturbance, which will help in
deciding what areas need to be added to
the protected areas network. These areas
will then have to be surveyed to find out
their suitability for inclusion into the PA
network. The identification of wildlife
corridors to facilitate the movement of
identified animal species, marine and
terrestrial, would also be part of this.

• Mapping of coral reef areas: The extent
of coral reefs in A & N has been vari¬
ously estimated using satellite imagery.
Satellite imagery can be used in the pre¬
liminary stages, but since its accuracy in
mapping reefs is not very clear, intensive
physical verification will be required.

• Preparation of management plans: Man¬
agement plans exist only for Mount Har¬
riet National Park and MGMNP, and need
updating and revision. Management plans
need to be drawn up urgently for all the
other protected areas in the islands.

• Mangrove ecosystems: The threats to
mangrove ecosystems, as well as the
dynamics of these systems, are poorly
understood. Five sites need to be se¬
lected in the Andamans and monitored
on a long-term basis to understand the
threats. At the same time studies on nu¬
trient cycling and associated fauna of
the mangroves should be initiated.

9 . 2 i. Areas to be added to PA network

What is know n?

Wetlands and marine areas arc not ade¬
quately covered.

55

Actions to be taken:

The following areas are to be considered
for addition to the PA network:

In the Andamans

• MGMNP to be expanded by including
entire Rutland, the two Twins and the
two Cinque Islands.

• Inclusion of Nicholson, Peel, Wilson,
Inglis, North, Middle and South Button
Islands; this is critical for dugong habi¬
tat/ sea grass ecosystem and the high di¬
versity of corals in the reef areas around
this entire area, and in the existing Rani
Jhansi MNP (Andrews & Sankaran,
2002; Ali, et al., 2002).

• Designation

• Little Andaman Island, a complete eco¬
logical survey including coral reefs is
urgently required; the wetlands (Fresh¬
water marshes, peat bogs and fresh¬
water streams) are unlike any found in
the Andamans or Nicobars. This island
is the last strong hold for the Andaman
teal and other wetland birds, wild pig,
crocodile and the leatherback sea turtle
(Andrews, 2000; Andrews & Sankaran
2002 ).

• A new marine national park to include
South Reef, Mask, Anderson, Interview,
Roper, Ranger, Bennet, Surat, Snake,
Sea serpent, Boundeville Entrance,
North Reef, Lotouche and Snark Islands,
including the seas around.

• Kadakachang Wetland- Little is known
about this habitat.

• Hanspuri wetland- Important habitat for
Andaman teal and the Andaman crake.

• Extension of Cuthbert Bay Turtle Sanc¬
tuary along the existing beach on the
south and north right up to Phoenix Point
and adjacent vegetation fringe on the
landward side (Andrews, ct al., 2002).

• Mount Diavolo as a protected area.

In the Nicobars

• Central and uninhabited coastal areas of
Little Nicobar

• Galathea/South Bay in Great Nicobar
Island

• Part of Kamorta

• Grasslands on Teressa & Bompoka

9 .22. Enumeration of biodiversity

What is known:

The BSI and ZS1 have carried out extensive
surveys of all the major taxa. There arc, how¬
ever, gaps in this. Coral reefs, small mammals,
fresh water fish and herpetofauna arc a major
gap, and every survey finds new records and
new species.

Research priorities:

» Ecosvstem/Habitat Survey: Proper sur¬
veys need to be conducted on each of
the existing and proposed PAs.

• Surveys of key taxa: Amphibians, birds
and butterflies are key indicators of the
habitat of any place. An island-wise sur¬
vey for these, and of the flora, will en¬
able understanding of the biogeography
of these islands.

■ Small mammal survey: There are very
high diversities in bats and rodents in
these islands, and many of the species
are endemic. There is also likelihood
that there are several undcscribed spe¬
cies. A systematic effort to collect and
identify specimens of these across both
the island groups is necessary.

• Fossil information: There is no informa¬
tion on the original fauna of these islands
since no effort has been made to collect
fossil material. The recent excavation to
prepare the new airport presented an op¬
portunity to collect fossils that was not
realized. Fossil material will facilitate
the determination of what evolutionary
processes occurred in the ANI.

• Delineating critical endemic bird areas
and their status (BNHS)

• Delineating important areas for herpeto¬
fauna and status surveys (ANET).

• Delineating important areas of endemic
plant diversity (BSI, AN DE & F).

• Management of Tribal Reserves (AN
DE & F).

9 . 23 . Threats to particular taxa

What is known:

The BSI, ZS1, SACON and ANET have
carried out extensive studies in some of the

56

major taxa. Kxamples: Sreekumar (2002)
and World Conservation Monitoring Center
(WCMC, 1994) have reported 82 species of
flora as rare, endangered and threatened (Ap¬
pendix 20). Others include shells, avifauna
and herpetofauna.

Actions to be taken:

• Continuous monitoring and removal of
goats from Narcondam and Barren Is¬
lands is needed; so is a large-scale im¬
plementation of swilllet fanning and
more protection for megapode habitat
along the south east coast of Great Nico¬
bar Island.

♦ Small PA’s for particularly rare and en¬
dangered species, such as Euphorbia ep-
iphylloides found only on Saddle Peak,
Munda Pahar and at Kalpong, should be
created.

• Large reptiles, saltwater crocodile and
marine turtles, need urgent conservation
and management action.

Research priorities:

* Restricted range species: Surveys should
be conducted on other endemic bird spe¬
cies to establish their current status and
threats.

* Surveys of threatened species:

- Cetacean diversity
Sharks

- Whales

- Dugong surveys/status

- Coral reefs

- Endemic birds
Endemic reptiles

- Endemic plants

- Marine turtles

- Crocodile

— Giant robber crab

- Nicobar tree shrews

9 . 24 . Introduced species

What is known?

Introduced species include chital, barking
deer, elephants, dogs, cats, rats, crows and
mynahs. Browsing by elephant on Interview
Island, and by chital and barking deer in the
Andamans is affecting forest regeneration
and in the Natural Regeneration Areas and is

likely to lead to loss of species diversity in
the future.

Actions to be taken:

• Interview Island has about 35 elephants.
The problem needs to be controlled.

• An amendment of the Wildlife (Protec¬
tion) Act, for the culling and removal of
deer is necessary.

• Eradication and removal of invasive
plants.

Research priorities:

• Enclosure experiments: It has been es¬
tablished that browsing by spotted deer
affects regeneration. It is not clear as to
which species are preferred browsing
and what the long-term effects of this
browsing will be. Fencing off areas and
comparing these with browsed areas, in
both natural forest and natural regenera¬
tion areas will enable a determination of
the long-term consequences of brows¬
ing.

• Environmental impacts: Very little is
known about the impacts that dogs, cats,
squirrels and mynahs (all introduced)
have on the environment. Research
needs to be done on these introduced
species, with particular reference to re¬
moval strategies.

9 .25. Alternative renewables

What is known?

In every field of human enterprise there are
alternatives that are environmentally friendly.
These include:

• Alternative energy such as solar, tide
and wind, ideally suited for the ANI.
(Electricity Dept.)

• Alternative construction materials such
as pulverised granite, treated wood.
(APWD)

• Water conservation and rain water har¬
vesting as an alternative to large storage
structures; (APWD, DRDA)

• Bio pesticides as alternatives to the
highly toxic inorganic pesticides avail¬
able in the market; (Agriculture)

• Cash crops with value addition as an al¬
ternative to paddy, which is damaging the

57

environment due to runoff, soil loss, silta-
tion on coral reefs (Agriculture, Forestry)

• The development of ecotourism (FPT,
Forestry)

Actions to be taken:

• The concerned departments, as above,
to give these priority in their annual and
5-year plans.

Research priorities:

• Feasability studies on alternative energy
from solar, tidal and wind.

• Assessment of different rainwater har¬
vesting methods.

• Research on contained high value agri¬
culture.

9 . 26. Awareness generation

What is known?

AN I has 344 schools and five colleges that
include a Teacher Training Institute, a B.Ed
college, two polytechnics, two Degree colleg¬
es and an Industrial Training Institute, spread
over 36 islands.

• Information and teaching is more sci¬
ence or geography oriented rather than
Environment related.

• Lower number of environmental con¬
cepts in Classes X and XII.

• Environmental concepts are not inte¬
grated across subjects.

• There is a major gap due to the absence
of local specific information on forests,
coral reefs, understanding sustainable
development, island ecology, species
richness and endemism.

• Kalpavriksh and ANET have produced
an environmental handbook for teachers
Treasured Islands’ in Hindi and English.

Actions to be taken:

• Awareness generation programmes need
to be initiated in all aspects of biodiver¬
sity conservation. Programmes should
be specifically designed for each stake¬
holder group.

• A study to evaluate the present status of
teaching methods used by teachers to
impart enviromnent education.

• Linkages to school curricula through
Teachers Training initiatives and Work¬

shops to link non-formal environmental
education technologies into mainstream
formal educational processes.

• Of special relevance is the introduction
of an environmental component in the
schools, at all levels. This environmen¬
tal component must be specific to these
islands.

• Awareness generation programmes are
also necessary for lour operators, fish¬
ermen and other stakeholder groups. A
start was made in this direction in the
MGMNP, involving both the AN DE &
F and ANET.

• A mechanism needs to be evolved by
which environmentally relevant details
can be supplied to the relevant decision
makers on a rapid basis, and environ¬
mental inputs become part of any devel¬
opment planning process.

10 . Literature cited and selective
bibliography

Abdulali, H. 1964. The birds of the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands. J. Bombay Nat. Hist.
Soc. 61(3): 483-496.

Abdulali, H. 1971. Narcondam Island and
notes on some birds from Andaman Islands.
J. Bombay Nat. His. Soc. 66(2): 383-423.

Abdulali, H. 1976. The birds of Great and
Car Nicobars with some notes on wildlife
conservation in the islands. J. Bombay Nat.
Hist. Soc. 75: 744-772.

Alcock, A. 1893. On some newly recorded
corals from the Indian seas. J. Asiatic Soc.
Bengal 62(2): 138-149.

Alcock, A. 1902. A naturalist in Indian Seas
or five years with the Royal Indian Marine
Survey Ship Investigator. John Murray,
London.

Alfred, J R B., A K. Das & A K. Sanyal.
2001 . Ecosystems of India. ENVIS Centre,
Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore,
Kolkata-700 053.410pp.

All, R. 2000. A socio-economic study of the
villages bordering Saddle Peak National
Park, North Andaman. ANET Technical
Report.

58

Ali, R. 2001. Elephants and their impact on
Interview Island. ANET Technical Report.

Ali, R. 2004. The effects of introduced herbiv¬
ores on vegetation in the Andaman Islands.
Current Science 86(8): 1103-1111.

Ali, R., H V. Andrews & I. Das. 2002. Ecol¬
ogy, Floristics & Socio economics of three
Protected Areas in The Andaman Islands.
ANET Technical Report.

AN DE & F. 1999. Forest statistics, 1998- 1999.
Andaman and Nicobar Administration, De¬
partment of Environment and Forests,

AN DE & F. 2001. Andaman and Nicobar Is¬
lands- Forests and Environment. Andaman
and Nicobar Administration, Department
of Environment and Forests.

AN DE 8. F. 2005. Forest statistics 2005. An¬
daman and Nicobar Administration, De¬
partment of Environment and Forests.

Andrews, H V. 1994. Population dynamics and
ecology of the saltwater crocodile ( Croco -
dylus porosus , Schneider 1801) in the An¬
daman and Nicobar Islands. Interim survey
report. Phase I. Submitted to the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands Forest Department,
Asian Wetlands Bureau, Kuala Lumpur and
the Centre for Herpetology, Madras Croco¬
dile Bank Trust (AN/C-1/94).

Andrews, H V. 1997. Population dynamics
and ecology of the Saltwater Crocodile
(Crocodylus porosus Schneider, 1801), in
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Interim
report. Phase Til . Submitted to the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands Forest Department and
the Centre for Herpetology, Madras Croco¬
dile Bank Trust. (AN/C-3/97).

Andrews, H V. 1999. Status of Saltwater
Crocodiles in the Andaman Archipelago.
ENVIS -Wildlife and Protected Areas. Bi¬
annual Bulletin. Wildlife Institute of India,
Dchra Dun, India. 2 (1): 38-43.

Andrews, H V. 2000a. Current marine turtle
situation in the Andaman and Nicobar Ar¬
chipelago- An urgent need for conservation
action. Kachhapa. No.3: 19-23.

Andrews, H V. 2000b. Impact assessment
of the little known Little Andaman Island,
Andamans, India. AN/C-4/99. News letter
of the Irula Tribal Women ’s Welfare Soc.
12(2): 52-83

Andrews, H V. 2000c. Status of Saltwater
Crocodile in the Andaman Archipelago.
Sanctuary Asia 20 (2): 25.

Andrews, H V. 2000d. Survey and assessment
of wetlands in the Rani Jhansi Marine Na¬
tional Park, Andaman Islands, India. Tiger-
paper 21(4)-. 22-29.

Andrews, H V. 2001. Threatened herpetofau-
na of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, pp.
39- 47. In: Bambaradeniya, C. N. B. & V.
N. Samarasekara (Eds). An overview of the
threatened herpetofauna of South Asia...
1UCN Sri Lanka & Asia Regional Biodi¬
versity Programme, Colombo, Sri Lanka.

Andrews, H V. 2002. Impact assessment
around the Jarawa Reserve, Middle and
South Andaman Islands, pp. 97- ill. In.
K. Mukhopadhyay, R. K. Bhattacharya &
B. N. Sarkar (Eds). .Tarawa Contact- Ours
with Them, Theirs with Us. Anthropologi¬
cal Survey of India, 27, Jawaharlal Nehru
Road, Kolkala- 700 016.

Andrews, H V. & I. Das. 1998. Addenda to
the bibliography of the herpetology of the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Hamadryad
23(1): 84-85.

Andrews, H V. & V. Sankaran (Eds). 2002.

Sustainable management of protected areas
in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. ANET.
FFI & 1IPA, New Delhi.

Andrews, H V. & K. Shanker. 2002. A sig¬
nificant population of Leatherback turtles
in the Indian Ocean. Kachhapa No. 6: 17.

Andrews, H V. & R. Whitaker. 1994. Pre¬
liminary observations on the Andaman Teal
(Anas gihberifrnns albogularis) in North
Andaman Island and North of Middle An¬
daman. Report submitted to the Asian Wet¬
lands Bureau and the Centre for Herpetol¬
ogy, Madras Crocodile Bank Trust.

Andrews, H V. & R. Whitaker. 1994. Status
of the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus po¬
rosus Schneider, 1801) in North Andaman
Island. Hamadryad 19: 79-92.

Andrews, H V. & R. Whitaker. 1998. Country
report for India including the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands. Pp. 20-25. In: Proc. Biol¬
ogy and Conservation of the Amphibians,
Reptiles and their habitats in South Asia.
The International Conference on the Biol-

59

ogy and Conservation of the Amphibians
and Reptiles of South Asia, August 1-5,
1996, Sri Lanka.

Andrews, H V. & P. Tripathy. 2004. Trac¬
ing the migrations of Indian marine turtles:
Towards an integrated and collaborative
conservation program. Report July-2004.
Centre for Hcrpetology/Madras Crocodile
Bank Trust, Mamallapuram-603104, Tamil
Nadu, India. 20 pp.

Andrews, H V. & A. Vaughan. 2005. Eco¬
logical impact assessment in the Andaman
Islands; including observations in the Nico¬
bar Islands-Posl 2004 tsunami. Pp. 78-101.
In: R. Kaul & V. Mcnon (eds). The Ground
Beneath the Waves: Post tsunami impact
assessment of wildlife and their habitats in
India. Vol. 2. Wildlife Trust of India, A-220,
New Friends Colony, New Delhi-110065.

Andrews, H V. & S. Krishnan & P, Biswas.

2001. The status and distribution of marine
turtles around the Andaman and Nicobar
Archipelago. Report- GOI- UNDP- Na¬
tional Sea Turtle Project, IND/97/ 964.

Andrews, H V. & S. Krishnan & P. Biswas.

2002. Leatherback nesting in the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands. Kachhapa No. 6: 13-
lb.

Anon. 1986. An Integrated ‘Environmentally
Sound Development Strategy for the Anda¬
man and Nicobar Islands. Unpublished re¬
port prepared under the auspices of a joint
committee constituted by the Planning
Commission.

Anon. 1988. Primitive tribal Communities of
Andaman and Nicobar Island. Interim Re¬
port Prepared by the Expert Group Consti¬
tuted by the Chairman, Steering Committee
of Island Development Authority.

Arthur, R. 1996. A survey of the coral reefs
of the Mahatma Gandhi Marine National
Park, Andaman Islands. ANET Technical
Report.

Aul, B. 2002. Quantification of damage
caused by introduced fauna, spotted deer
(Axis axis) on the rate of natural regenera¬
tion in small island ecosystems- Andaman
and Nicobar Islands. Masters dissertation-
Salim Ali School of Ecology and Environ¬

mental Sciences, Pondicherry University,
Pondicherry- 605 034, South India

Aul, B. 2002. Status and Distribution of bats
in Andaman and Little Andaman Islands.
ANET. Technical Report.

Aul, B. & S. P. Vijayakumar. 2003. Distribu¬
tion and Conservation status (Order: Chi-
roptera) of Nicobar Islands, India. ANET
Final Technical Report.

Awaradi, S. A. 1990. Computerized Master
Plan (1991- 2021) for welfare of Primitive
Tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Andaman and Nicobar Administration, Di¬
rectorate of Tribal Welfare.

Awasthi, A. K. 1987. Folklore medico- bota¬
ny of the aboriginal inhabitants of the An¬
daman and Nicobar Islands. J. Andaman
Sci. Assoc. 3(2); 80-87.

Balachandra, L. 1988. A comprehensive ac¬
count of the mangrove vegetation of Anda¬
man and Nicobar Islands. Indian Forester
114: 741-751.

Balachandran, N. 1998. Ecology and floris-
tic analysis of the Mount Harriet National
Park, South Andaman, India. ANET Tech¬
nical Report.

Balakrishnan, N. P. 1989. Andaman Islands-
Vegetation and Floristics. In. Andaman,
and Nicobar and Lakshadweep. An envi¬
ronmental impact assessment. Pp. 55- 68.
C. J. Saldanha & N. V. Subba Rao (Eds).
Oxford and 1BH Publishing Co. Ltd., New
Delhi.

Balasubramanyam, M. S. 1937. Regenera¬
tion of Padauk (Pterocarpus dalhergioides)
-artificial and natural. Indian Forester. 63:
430-449.

Banerjee, P. 2005. Inter-seismic geodetic
motion and far-field coseismic surface dis¬
placements caused by the 26 December
2004 Sumatra earthquake observed from
GPS data. Current Sci. 88(9): 1491-1496.

Basu, B. K. 1990. The Onge. Seagull Books,
Calcutta- 700017. 87 pp.

Bates, J. J. P. & D. I. Harrison. 1997. Bats of
the Indian Subcontinent. Harrison Zoologi¬
cal Museum, Seven Oaks, Kent.

Bertsch, M. C. (2001). Legal and Political
Problems in the Establishment and Safe¬
guard of Protected Areas in a developing

60

country. Doctoral thesis, Leopold-Franz-
University, Innsbruck, Austria.

Bhargava, O. P. 1958. Tropical evergreen
virgin forests of Andaman Islands. Indian
Forester 84:20-29.

Bhaskar, S. 1979. Sea turtles in the South An¬
daman Islands. Hamadryad 4(1): 3-6.

Bhaskar, S. 1980. Sea turtle survey in the An¬
daman and Nicobars. Hamadryad 4(3): 2 26.

Bhaskar, S. 1981. Sea turtle surveys of Great
Nicobar and Little Andaman Islands. Re¬
port to World Wildlife Fund - India.

Bhaskar, S. 1984. Sea turtles in North Anda¬
man and other Andaman Islands. Report to
the World Wildlife Fund - India.

Bhaskar, S. 1984. The distribution and status
of sea turtles in India. In. proc Workshop
Sea Turtle Consent Pp.: 21-35. E. G. Silas
(Ed.) Central Marine Fisheries Research In¬
stitute Spec. Publ. No. 18 CMFRT, Cochin.

Bhaskar, S. 1992. Sea turtle study and sur¬
vey project. Phase I - Great Nicobar Island.
Report submitted to Andaman and Nicobar
Islands Forest Department and the Madras
Crocodile Bank Trust. Post Bag 4, Mamal-
lapuram 603 104, Tamil Nadu, South India.

Bhaskar, S. 1993. The status and ecology
of sea turtles in the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands. Publication No. ST. 1993. Centre
for Herpetology / Madras Crocodile Bank
Trust, Post Bag 4, Mamallapuram 603 104,
Tamil Nadu, South India.

Bhaskar, S. 1994. The dugong: siren of the
seas. Sanctuary Asia 14: 42-45.

Bhaskar, S. 1996. Renesting intervals in the
hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricatd)
on South Reef Island, Andaman Islands,
and India. Hamadryad 2 1: 19-22.

Bhaskar, S. 1996. Sea Kraits on South Reef
Island. Andaman Islands, India. Hamad¬
ryad 21: 27-35.

Bhaskar, S. & H V. Andrews. 1993. Action
Plan for sea turtles in the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, India. Mar. Turtle Newsl.
60: 23.

Bhaskar, S & G. C. Rao. 1992. Present status
of some endangered animals in Nicobar Is¬
lands. J. Andaman Sci. Assoc. 8: 181-186.

Bhaskar, S & R. Whitaker. 1983. Sea turtle
resources in the Andamans. In: Mariculture

potential in Andaman and Nicobar Islands
- An indicative survey. Bull. Cent. Mar:
Fish. Res. Inst. 34: 94-97

Bhattee, S. S. 1962. Yield regulation in the
Andaman forests. Indian Forester 88: 28-
44.

Bhattee, S. S. & P. R. Dasgupta. 1966. The

study of equilibrium moisture content of
some Andaman Timbers. Indian Forester-
92: 109-121.

Bhattee, S. S. & C. J. Thampi. 1963. Some
important grasses of the Andaman Islands.
Indian Forester 89: 223-230.

BlrdLife International. 2000. Threatened
Birds of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Species accounts taken from: Threatened
Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and
BirdLife International, Barcelona and Cam¬
bridge, UK.

Bonington, M. C. C. 1931. With the aborigi¬
nes of the Andamans. Indian Forester 57:
264-267

CARI. 1994. Study of marine National Park,
Wandoor, and South Andaman. Report to
State Council of Science and Technology,
Andaman and Nicobar Islands Administra¬
tion, Port Blair.

Census of India. 1991. Andaman and Nicobar
Islands Part XII- A District Census Hand¬
book, Village and Town Directory Village
and Town-wise Primary Census Abstract.
Government of India.

Census of India. 2001. Primary Census Ab-
stract-11, (Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Pondicher¬
ry, Andaman and Nicobar Islands), Regis¬
trar General of India, Government of India,
New Delhi.

Chadha, R K., G. Latha, H. Yeh, C. Peter¬
son & T. Katada. 2005. The tsunami of the
great Sumatra earthquake of M 9.0 on 26
December 2004-Impact on the east coast of
India. Current Sci. 88(8): 1297-1304.

Chakrabarty, T. & M. Gangopadhyay. 1992.
A New Phylianthus L (Euphorbiaceae)
from North Andaman Island. J. Bombay
Nat. Hist. Soc. 89: 69-70.

Chakravarty, N. V. K., K. P. Tripathi & B.
Gang war. 1987. A comparative study of
coastal climate with special reference to

61

Andamans, India-1. Temperature and Rain¬
fall. J. Andaman Sci. Assoc. 3(2): 119-124.

Champion, H. G. & S. K. Seth. 1968. A re¬
vised Survey of the forest Types of India.
Forest Research Institute, Delira Dun, In¬
dia.

Chana, S. S. (undated). Environment and its
Management-Andaman and Nicobar Is¬
lands, Forest Department, ANI, Port Blair.

Chanda, K. 1993. New records of moths from
the Bay Islands.«/. Andaman Sci. Assoc. 9(1
& 2): 31-35.

Chanda, K. 1994. Further new records of
moths from the Andaman and Nicobar Is¬
lands, India. ./. Andaman Sci. Assoc. 10(1
& 2): 17-27. '

Chanda, K. 1996. New records of moths from
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. J.
Andaman Sci. Assoc. 12(1 &2): 31-35.

Chanda, K. 1997. New addition to the moth
fauna of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

J. Andaman Sci. Assoc. 13(1 & 2); 44-47.

Chanda, K. & T. C. Khatri. 1995. Butterflies

of Great Nicobar Islands. Indian J. Forestry
18(4): 267- 273.

Chanda, K. & P. T. Rajan. 1995. Moths of
Mount Harriet National Park, Andamans. J.
Andaman Sci. Assoc. 11(1 & 2): 71-75.

Chanda, K. & P. T. Rajan. 1996. Observations
on the Avifauna of Mount Harriet National
Park, South Andamans. Indian Forester
October 1996: 965-968.

Chandi, M. 1998. Forests, water and people:
The introduction of suitable strategies for
the protection of rainforests through com¬
munity action, in Wandoor Village, South
Andaman Island. Final report submitted to
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Environ¬
mental Team and World Wide Fund for Na¬
ture - India

Chandi, M. 2002. Territory and landscapes
around the Jarawa Reserve. Pp. 72-96. In:

K. Mukhopadhyay, R. K. Bhattacharya &
B. N. Sarkar (Eds). Jarawa Contact- Ours
with Them, Theirs with Us. Anthropologi¬
cal Survey of India, 27, Jawaharlal Nehru
Road, Kolkata- 700 016.

Chawla, S. & T. N. Pandit. Bibliography on
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Anthro¬
pological Survey of India, Gov. of India,

27, Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Calcutta- 700
016.

Chandra, A., R K. Saxena & A K. Ghosh.
1999. Coralline algae from Kakana For¬
mation (Middle Pliocene) of Car Nicobar
Island, India and their implications in bi-
ostraligraphy, palaeoenvironment and Pal-
aeobathymetry. Current Sci. 76(11): 1498-
1502.

Chandrasekhara, R. G. & I. H. Khan. 1989.

On the present status of the marine fauna of
the Andaman Seas. Zoologiana 5: 29-42.

Chandrasekharan, D., O. Vaselli, B. Capac-
cioni, P. Manetti & M A. Alam. 2003. Cold
springs of the Barren Island, Andaman Sea,
Indian Ocean. Current Sci. 85(2): 136-137.

Chengappa, B.S. 1934. Andaman Forests
and their reproduction. Indian Forester 60:
53-64, 117-129, 185-198.

Chengappa, B. S. 1937a. Exploitation of the
Andaman Forests, Indian Forester 63: 753-
768, 827-839.

Chengappa, B S. 1937b.' Reproduction of the
Andaman-Forests. Indian Forester 63: 15-

29.

Chengappa, B. S. 1938. Padauk in the Anda¬
mans. Indian Forester 64; 151-160.

Chengappa, B. S. 1944. The Andaman for¬
ests and their regeneration. Indian Forester
70: 297-304, 339-351, 380-385,421-430.

Chengappa, B S. 1944. The Andaman for¬
ests and their regeneration. Indian Forester
70: Pp. 297-304, 339-351, 380-385 & 421-
430.

Chengappa, B. S. 1953. Shompens of Great
Nicobar. Indian Forester 79: 356-361.

Chengappa, B. S. 1958. In the Land of hostile
Jarawas and other wild tribes of the Anda¬
man Islands. Indian Forester 84: 108-120;
169-187.

Chibber, H. L. 1934. Geology of Burma. Mac¬
millan & Co. London.

Choudhury, B C. & H R. Bustard. 1979.

Predation of natural nests of the saltwater
crocodile (Croc.odylus porosus Schneider)
on North Andaman Island with notes on the
crocodile population../. Bombay Nat. His.
Soc. 75: 45-49.

62

Cooper, Z. 1992. Origin and cultural tradi¬
tions. The India Magazine of People and
Culture, May 1992: 30- 43.

Cooper, Z. 2002. Archaeology and History-
Early settlement in the Andaman Islands.
Oxford University Press, YMCA Building,
Jai Singh Road, New Delhi- 110001.

Dagar, J. C. 1982. Some ecological aspects of
the mangrove vegetation of the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands in India. Sylvatropica
7: 3-4.

Dagar, J. C, & H. S. Dagar. 1999. Ethnobot-
any of the aborigines of Andaman- Nicobar
Islands. Surya International Publications,
Dehra Dun- 248 001, India.

Dagar, J C. & A K. Sharma. 1989. Impact of
developmental activities on litter and man-
gal formation in the Andamans. Paper pre¬
sented in “Symposium Development vis-
a-vis Ecology”. INTACH & A & N Dept.
Environment & Forests, Port Blair.

Dagar, J. C., A. D. Mongia & A. K. Band-
hopadhyaya. 1991. Mangroves of Anda¬
man and Nicobar Islands. Oxford & IBH,
Bombay.

Daniels, R. 1997. Vertebrate distribution pat¬
terns in Great Nicobar Island Biosphere
Reserve. M.S. Swaminathan Research
Foundation, Chennai, India.

Das, A K. 2001a. Mangroves. Pp. 239-259.
In: J R B. Alfred, A K. Das & A K. Sanyal
(eds). Ecosystems of India. ENVIS Centre,
Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore,
Kolkata-700053.

Das, A K. 2001b. Islands. Pp. 317-347. In:
J R B. Alfred, A K. Das & A K. Sanyal
(cds). Ecosystems of India. ENVIS Centre,
Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore,
Kolkata-700053.

Das, H. S. 1996. Status of sea grass habitats of
the Andaman and Nicobar Coast. SACON
Report No. 4. Salim Ali Centre for Ornithol¬
ogy and Natural History, Coimbatore, India.

Das, H. S. & S. C. Dey. 1999. Observations
on the Dugong dugong (MULLER), in the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. J.
Bombay Nat. His. Soc. 96(2): 196-198.

Das, I. 1994. A Checklist of the Amphibians
and Reptiles of the Andaman and Nicobar

Islands. J. Andaman Sci. Assoc. 10(1 & 2):
44-49.

Das, l. 1995. A new tree frog (genus Polype-
dates) from Great Nicobar, India (Anura:
Rhacophoridae) Hamadryad 20: 13-20.

Das, I. 1995. Biogeography and ecology of
the herpetofauna of the Andaman and Nico¬
bar Islands. Interim Report I - Surveys in
the Nicobars and South Andaman. Report
to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Forest
Department, Port Blair.

Das, I. 1996. Limnonecles shompenorum , a
new frog of the Rana macrodon (Anura:
Ranidae) complex from Great Nicobar. J.
South Asian Nat. Hist. 2(1): 60-67.

Das, I. 1996. Geographic distribution: Rana
chalconota (Copper-checked frog). Herpe-
lol.Rev. 27(1): 30.

Das, 1.1996a. Biogeography of the reptiles of
South Asia. Krieger Publishing Company,
Malabar, Florida. 16 colour plates. 87 pp.

Das, I. 1996b. Limnonectes shompenorum, a
new species of ranid frog of the Rana mac¬
rodon complex from Great Nicobar, India.
J. South Asian Nat. Hist. 2(1): 60-67.

Das, 1.1996c. The validity of Dibamus nico-
baricum (Fitzinger in Steindacher, 1867)
(Squamata: Sauria: Dibamidae). Russian J.
Herpetol. 3(2): 157-162.

Das, I. 1997a. Hcrpctological explorations in
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, pp: 50.
In: Z. Rocck & S. Hart (Eds). Herpetology
‘97. Abstracts. Third World Congress of Her¬
petology. 2-10 August, 1997. Third World of
Congress of Herpetology, Prague.

Das, I. 1997b. Rediscovery of Lipinia mac¬
rotympanum (Stoliczka, 1873) from the
Nicobars Islands, India. Asiatic Heipcto-
logical Res. 7: 23-26.

Das, 1.1997c. A new species of Cyrtodactyius
from the Nicobar Islands, India. J. Herpe-
tology 31(3): 375-382.

Das, I. 1997d. An ecological reconnaissance
of Mount Harriet National Park, Andaman
Islands, India. Report to the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands Environmental Team, Cen¬
tre for Herpetology/Madras Crocodile Bank
Trust, Post Bag 4, Mamallapuram 603 104,
Tamil Nadu, South India.

63

Das, 1.1997. A new species of Cyrtodactylus
from the Nicobar Islands, India. J. Herpe¬
tol. 31(3): 375-382.

Das, I. I997e. Rediscovery of Lipinia macro-
tympanum (Slolickza, 1873) from the Nico¬
bar Islands, India. Asiatic Herpetol. Res. 7:
23-26.

Das, I. 1998a. A new species of Boiga (Sq-
uamata: serpentes: Colubridae) from the
Nicobar Archipelago. .7. South Asian Nat.
Hist. 3(1): 59-67.

Das, I. 1998b. A remarkable new species
of ranid (Arura: Ranidac) with phytotel-
monous larvae from Mount Harriet, Anda¬
man Islands. Hamadryad 23(1): 41-49.

Das, I. 1998c. An ecological reconnaissance
of Rani Jhansi Marine National Park, Ritch¬
ie’s Archipelago, Andaman Islands. Report
to the Andaman and Nicobar Environmen¬
tal Team/Fauna and Flora International.
Centre for Herpetology / Madras Crocodile
Bank Trust, Post Bag 4, Mamallapuram
603 104, Tamil Nadu, South India.

Das, I. 1998d. Contribution to the ethnozool-
ogy of the Karens in the Andaman Islands.
Indian J. Biodiversity 2(l& 2): 3-5.

Das, 1.1999. Biogeography of the amphibians
and reptiles of the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, India. Pp. 43-75. In. Ota, H. (ed.):
Proc. Ini. Symp. on Diversity of Reptiles,
Amphibians and other terrestrial Animals
on tropical Islands: Origin, current status
and conservation. 5-7 June 1998. Univer¬
sity of Yukyus, Okinawa, Japan.

Das, I. 1999. A noteworthy collection of
mammals from Mount Harriet, Andaman
Islands, India. ./. South Asian Nat. Hist.
4(2): 181-185.

Das, I. 2000a. Nomenclatural status of FIT-
ZINGER’S (1861) Pseudocalotes archidu-
cissae, and confirmation of Bronchocela
cristatella (KUHL, 1820) from the Nicobar
Archipelago (Squamata: Sauria: Agami-
dac). Herpetozoa 13(1/2): 55-58.

Das, I. 2002b. A photographic guide to snakes
and other reptiles of India. New Holland
Publishers (UK) Ltd, Garfield House, 86-
88 Edgwarc Road, London. 144 pp.

Das, l. & K. Chandra. 1994. Two snakes new
to Andaman and Nicobar Islands. J. Anda¬
man Sci. Assoc. 10(1 & 2): 114-115.

Das, I. & H V. Andrews. 1997. Checklist
of Indian Reptiles. B.C.P.P. Camp. Indian
Reptiles, 19-23 May, Zoos Print, Zoo Out¬
reach Organization.

Das, I. & V. Wallach. 1998. Scolecophidian
arboreal revisited. Herpetol Rev. 29(1): 15-16.

Dasgupta, P. R. 1969. Wood-water relation¬
ship in Pterocarpus dalbergioides. Indian
Forester 95: 165-172.

Dasgupta, P. R. 1971. Anisotropic move¬
ments in Andaman Timbers and studies on
behaviour pattern after treatment. Indian
Forester 97: 368-378.

Davidar, P., T. R. K Yoganand, T. Ganesh &
N. Joshi. 1996. An Assessment of Com¬
mon and Rare Forest Bird Species of the
Andaman Islands. Forktail 2:135-142.

Davies, A. T. & R. Altevogt. 1976. Giant tur¬
tles and Robber Crabs of South Sentinel.
Yojana 20(13 & 14): 75-79.

Deb, D. 1999/ The human ecology of Ritchie's
Archipelago: The Anthropogenic impact on
Rani Jhansi Marine National Park. Anda¬
man and Nicobar Islands Environmental
Team.

Debnath, H S. 2004. Mangroves of Andaman
& Nicobar Islands: Taxonomy and Ecology.
Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, 23-A,
New Conaught Place, Dehra Dun-248001,
India. 133 pp.

Devaraj. P. 2001. Forests of Andaman Is¬
lands. International Book Distributors, De¬
hra Dun-248001, India.

Devi, D. 1990. The economic role of women
in the Onge society. In: Proc. 6th Inti. Conf.
On hunting and Gathering Societies. 28th
May-lst June, 1990, Fairbanks, Alaska.

Devi, K. & D. Rao. 2003a. Poisonous and
venomous fishes of Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, Bay of Bengal. Zoological Survey
of India, 234/4, AJC Bose Road, 2nd MSO
Building. 13 floor, Nizam Palace, Kolkata-
700 020.

Devi, K. & D. Rao. 2003b. A field guide to the
fishes of acanthuridae and sicanidae (Sur-
geonfish and Rabbitfishes) of Andaman
and Nicobar Islands. Zoological Survey of

64

India, 234/4, AJC Bose Road, 2nd MSO
Building. 13 floor, Nizam Palace, Kolkata-
700 020.

Devy, M., S, T. Ganesh & P. Davidar. 1995.

Patterns of Butterfly Distribution in the An¬
daman Islands: Implications lor Conserva¬
tion. Salim Ali School of Ecology and En¬
vironment.

Dharani, G., A K. Abdul Nazar, R. Venkate-
san & M. Ravindran. 2003. Marine debris
m Great Nicobar. Current Sci. 85(5): 574-
575.

Dorairaj, K. & R. Soundararajan. 1995. Sta¬
tus of Molluscan Resources of the Anda¬
man Islands. Central Agricultural Research
Institute, Port Blair, India.

D’ Souza, R. 1995. Management plan for Ma¬
hatma Gandhi Marine National Park. AN
DE & F., Port Blair.

D’ Souza, R. 1996. Management plan for
Mount Harriet National Park. AN DE & F.

Elkunchwar, S., P. V. Savant & S. N. Rai.
1997. Status of natural regeneration in
tropical forests of the Andaman Islands, In¬
dian Forester 123:1091 -1108.

Ellis, J L. 1986. A botanical tour of the Anda¬
man Islands. J. Andaman Sci. Assoc. 2(2):
11-22.

Ellis, J. L. 1987 a. The new rice plant, Orzya
indandamanica Ellis, from islands of An¬
daman. J. Andaman Sci. Assoc. 3(2): 129-
130.

Ellis, J. L. 1987 b. Oryza indandamanica
Ellis, a new rice plant from the islands of
Andamans. Bui. Bot. Surv. India 27(1-4):
225-227.

Ellis, J. I. 1987 c. The pteridophytic flora of
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands../. Anda¬
man Sci. Assoc. 3 (2): 59-79.

Ellis, J L. 1988. The potentially exploitable
wild nutmeg of Andaman and Nicobar Is¬
lands. J. Andaman Sic. Assoc. 4(2): 149-
150.

Ellis, J. L. & R K. Vishnoi. 1989. The wild
betel leaf plant in the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands. J. Andaman Sci. Assoc. 5(2): 160.

Ellis, J. L., S. N. Yoganaraslmhan, M. R.
Gurudeva & P. Ramanujam. 2000. Pri¬
oritization of Biodiversity Rich Sites of
Conservation significance in the Andaman

and Nicobar islands. Pp 75 - 81. In: Singh,
S., A. R. K. Sastry, R. Mehta & V. Uppal
(Eds.) Setting Biodiversity Conservation
Priorities for India. Vol 1. WWF- India,
New Delhi.

FSI. 1999. State of Forest Report 1999.

Forest Survey of Tndia.

FSI. 2001. State of Forest Report 2001.

Forest Survey of India.

FSI. 2001 Forest Resources Survey of the An¬
daman Group of Islands. Forest Survey of
India, Central Zone, Nagpur.

FSI. 2003. State of Forest Report, 2003. For¬
est Survey of Tndia.

Ganapathy, P. M. & M. Rangarajan. 1964.

A study on the phenology and nursery be¬
haviour of Andaman timber species. Indian
Forester 90: 758-766.

Gandhi, T. 2000. Prioritizing sites for Biodi¬
versity Conservation in the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands. Pp 82-93. In: Singh, S., A.
R. K. Sastry, R. Mehta & V. Uppal (Eds).
Setting Biodiversity Conservation Priorities
for India. Vol. I. WWF-India, New Delhi.
Ganeshamurthy, A N., R. Dinesh & N.
Ravisankar. 2000. Land Resources At¬
las of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. GOT-
UNDP-GEF Project. Mangcment of Coral
Reefs of Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
UNDP, New Delhi.

Gangopadhyay, S. & S. Biswas. 1996. Ecol¬
ogy and change: A study of the Onge in
Little Andaman. J. Anthrop. Surv. India. 45
(2-3): 155-164.

Garg, A., V. P. Singh & S. P. Pathak. 1997.

Mangal hydrology of Ritchie’s Archipelago
in the Andaman Islands. Pp. 221 - 224. In:
K.S. Rao & S. Srivastava (Ed’s.). Perspec¬
tives in hydrobiology. 43. Vikram Univer¬
sity, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Gastmans, W. 1995. A preliminary report on
the flora of Wandoor. Report submitted to
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Forest
Department and the Andaman and Nicobar
Environmental Team (ANET).

Gastmans, W & N. Balachandran. 1997.
Flora of the Mahatma Gandhi Marine Na¬
tional Park, Wandoor. An update Report
submitted to the Andaman and Nicobar Is-

65

lands Forest Department and the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands Environmental Team.

Gee, F. R. 1925. The geology of the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands with special reference
to Middle Andaman Island. Records of the
Geological Survey of India. Vol. xix. Part
2: 203-232.

Ghodke, S. 2000. Andaman Snakes - A Field
Report. Centre for Herpetology, Madras
Crocodile Bank Trust, Post Bag- 4, Mamal-
lapuram, Tamil Nadu - 603 104.

Ghodke, S & H V. Andrews. 2001. Enhydris
ptumbea (Bole, 1827) (Serpcnta: Colubri-
dae; Homalopsinae), a new record for In¬
dia. Hamadryad 26(2): 373-375.

Ghodke, S & H V. Andrews. 2001. Recent
record of Cantoria violacea (Girard, 1857)
from North and Middle Andaman Islands,
India with a note on its bite. Hamadryad
26(2): 371-373.

Gopal, A. T. 1991. Some ecological aspects
of vascular epiphytes in South Andaman
Island. M.Sc. Thesis, Pondicherry Univer¬
sity, Pondicherry.

Grant, B. 1895. The Orchids of Burma (In¬
cluding the Andaman Islands). Reprinted
1995, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh,
23- a. New Connaught Place, Dehra Dun
-248 001.

Gupta, R. 1996. Effect of Oil spill on the mi¬
crobial population in Andaman Sea around
Nicobar Island, National Institute of Ocea¬
nography, Regional Centre, Cochin, India.

Gupta, S., M C. Porwal & P S. Roy. 2004.
Orchid diversity of Great Nicobar Bio¬
sphere Reserve. Current Set. 86(100):
1372-1374.

Hajra, P K., P S N. Rao & V. Mudgal (eds).
1999. Flora of Andaman- Nicobar Islands
Vol. 1. Ranunculaceae to Combretaceae.
Botanical Survey of India, P- 8, Brabourne
Road, Calcutta- 700001.

Hochstetter, F. von. 1866. Beitrag zur Ge¬
ologic und Physikalischen Geographie der
Nicobar Lnseln. Geologischen Bcobachlun-
gen, von Ferdinand von Hochstetter, reise
der Ocst eneich-ischcn Frcgatta Novara um
die Erde im Jahne 1857-59. Geologische Teil
111. pp. 85-112. Kaiscrlicho Koniglischen
Hof-und Staatsdruckerei, Wien.

Ishwar, N M. & I. Das, 1998. Rediscivery of
Calotes andamanensis Boulenger, 1891,
and a reassessment of the type locality. J.
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 95: 513-514.

Islam, M. Z. & A. R. Rahmani. 2004. Im¬
portant bird areas in India: Priority sites
for conservation. Indian Bird Conservation
Network. Bombay Natural History Society
& Birdlite International (UK). Pp. 89-135.

IUCN.2000. The 2000 IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Swit¬
zerland and Cambridge, UK.

John, M. E., A. K. Bhargava, S. Varghese,
D. K. Gulati, Ashok S. Kadam and S. K.
Dwivedi. 2005. Fishery resources of the
Indian EEZ around Andaman & Nicobar
Islands. Fisheries Survey of India Bull. 28.

Justin, A. 1990. The Nicobarese. The AST
Andaman and Nicobar Island Tribe Series.
Seagull Books, Calcutta.

Karthikeyan, K., R. Sumanth, P G. Dewakar
& G S. Lahhan. 2004. Limnocharis flava
(L.) Buchenan (Alismatacene)-a little know
and troublesome weed in Andaman Islands.
Current Sci. 87(2): 140-141.

Karunakaran, C., K K. Ray & S S. Saha.
1968. A revision of the stratigraphy of
Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Rec. Geol.
Surv. India 59: 208-227.

Khan, I. H. 1983. Wildlife. In. Hundred years
of forestry in the Andamans, 1883- 1983.
pp. 53- 60. Issue on the occasion of the
centenary celebration of the Forest Depart¬
ment, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Port
Blair.

Khan, I. H. 2001. Conservation & Manage¬
ment of Tropical Rain Forest Protected Ar¬
eas in A&N Islands. Paper presented at The
Workshop on the Management of Protected
Areas in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Organized by Department of Environment
and Forests, Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
Andaman and Nicobar Islands Environment
Team & Indian Institute of public Adminis¬
tration, Port Blair, 9-11 July 2001.

Khatri, T. C. 1988. Eurema h. hecabe Evans
(Lepidoptera: Picridae) A suspected Sub¬
species in the Bay Islands. J. Andaman Sci.
Assoc. 4(1): 87

66

Khatri, T. C. 1988. On Some Danaidae (Lepi-
doptera: Rhopalocera) From Ihc Andaman
and Nicobar Islands. Hexapoda 1: 1-8.

Khatri, T. C. 1989. A Revised List of Butter¬
flies (Rhopalocera: Lepidoptcra) from the
Bay Islands. Short notes. .7. Andaman Sci.
Assoc, 5(1): 57-61.

Khatri, T. C. 1989. Abnormal Behaviour of
Two Species of Butterflies. J. Andaman Sci.
Assoc. 5(2): 154

Khatri, T. C. 1990. On Some Amathusiid and
Riodinid Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopal¬
ocera) of Andaman Islands. J. Andaman
Sci. Assoc. 6(2): 173-174.

Khatri, T. C. 1991a. On Some Nymphalidae
(Rhopalocera: Lepidoptera) From the An¬
daman and Nicobar Islands. Islands on the
March 2(1): 82-94.

Khatri, T. C. 1991b. On Some Satyridae (Lep¬
idoptera: Rhopalocera) From the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands. Islands on the March
2(4): 9-13.

Khatri, T. C. 1991c. Butterfly Collection
Techniques. Islands on the March. 2(4):
48-51

Khatri, T. C. 1992a. On Some Lycaenids
(Rhopalocera: Lepidoptera) From Anda¬
man and Nicobar Islands. Islands on the
March : 8 -16

Khatri, T. C. 1992b. Problems and Prospects
of Tourism Development in the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands with Special Refer¬
ence to Butterflies. (Insecta: Lepidoptera:
Rhopalocera) Tourism Dev. & Env. Prot.:
39-42

Khatri, T. C. 1993. Butterflies of the Anda¬
man and Nicobar Islands: Conservation
concerns. J. Res. Lepidoptera 32: 170-184

Khatri, T. C. 1994. On Some Hesperid But¬
terflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) from
Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Islands on
the March: 36-42

Khatri, T. C. 1994. The Food-Plants of Anda¬
man and Nicobar Butterflies. Islands on the
March: 26-30.

Khatri, T. C. 1998a. Butterflies of Car Nico¬
bar. Indian J. Forestry 20(3): 244-247.

Khatri, T. C. 1998b. On Some Butterflies of
Little Andaman. Indian J. Forestry 21(4):
208-303.

Khatri, T. C. 2000. Problems and Suggestions
for Conservation of Biodiversity in But¬
terflies of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Indian J. Forestry 23(1): 33-35.

Khatri, T. C. & K. Chandra. 1995. Butterflies
of Great Nicobar Island. Indian J. Forestry
18(4): 267-273

Khatri, T. C. & R. K. Singh. 1988. Some
Papilionidac (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera)
from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands../.
.Andaman Sci. Assoc. 4(1); 39-46.

Kloss, C B. 1903. In the Andamans and
Nieobars: The narratives of a cruise on the
schooner “ Terrapin ” with notice of their
fauna.

Kothamasi, D M., A. Bhattacharya & C R.
Babu. 1995. Diversity of Great Nicobar
plant communities. J. Andaman Sci Assoc.
11 (1 & 2): 62- 68.

Kothari, A. 1989. Andaman and Nicobar:
Colonization of the final frontier. In: Pal-
lav Bagla and Subadra Menon (Ed’s.). Rav¬
aged forests and Soiled Seas - ecological
issues in the tropics with special reference
to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Ka-
lpavriksh. New Delhi, India.

Krishnamoorty, R., A. Bhattacharya & T.
Natarajan. 1993. Mangroves and coral
reef mapping of South Andaman Islands
through remote sensing: In Sustain¬
able Management of Coastal Ecosystems.
(Ed’s.). Swaminathan, M.S. and Ramesh,
R., M. S. Swaminathan Research Founda¬
tion. 143-151.

Krishnamurthy, V. & R. Soundararajan.
1999. R & D needs for promotion of fisher¬
ies in Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Seafood
Export J. 30(2): 41-44.

Krishnan, S. 2003. The distribution of some
reptiles in the Nicobar Islands, India. A NET
Technical Report. Andaman and Nico¬
bar Islands Environmental Team. Center
for Herpetology/ Madras Crocodile Bank
Trust, Post Bag-4, Mamallapuram- 603
104, Tamil Nadu, India.

Kulkarni, S. 2000. Ecological assessment of
Coral reefs in Mahatma Gandhi Marine
National Park, Wandoor, and Andaman &
Nicobar Islands: Conservation Implica¬
tions. Report, Wildlife Institute of India.

67

Kulkarni, S. 2001. The status of coral reefs
in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Dept, of
Environment and Forests, Andaman and
Nicobar Administration, Port Blair.

Kulkarni S, A. Saxena, B C. ChouUhury, M
D. Kakar & R. Jagdale. 2004. Dynamics
of reef coral in Mahatma Gandhi Marine
National Park, Andaman islands: Conser¬
vation implications. Report submitted to
MoEF and A & N. Dept of E & F. Wildlife
Institute of India, Dehradun, India.

Kumaraswamy, P. V. 1997. Development of
Tourism in the Andaman and Nicobar Is¬
lands. Report submitted to the Centre for
Tourism Studies, Pondicherry University,
Pondicherry and Andaman and Nicobar Is¬
lands Environmental Team.

MacArthur, R & E. O. Wilson. 1967. The
theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton
University Press.

Magin, C. & S. Mickelburgh. 2001. Biodi¬
versity of the Andaman and Nicobar Is¬
lands, India. Historical records from the
UK. Fauna and Flora International, Cam¬
bridge, UK.

Mahadevan, S. & D C V. Easterson. 1983.

Topographical features of areas surv eyed.
Bull. Cent. Murine Fish. Res. Inst. 34:10-23.

Maheswaran, B. 1998. Rapid botanical as¬
sessment of Rani Jhansi Marine National
Park. Report to Andaman and Nicobar Is¬
lands Environmental Team.

Maheswaran, B. 1999. A rapid botanical as¬
sessment of Saddle Peak National Park,
North Andaman. Report to Andaman and
Nicobar Islands Environmental Team.

Malhotra, A. & R S. Thorp. 1997. New per¬
spectives on the evolution of south-east
Asian pitvipers (genus Trimeresurus) from
molecular studies. Pp. 115-128. In: R S.
Thorp, W. Wiister & A. Malhotra (eds).
Venomus snakes: Ecology, Evolution and
Snake-bite. The Zoological Society of Lon¬
don/Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Mall, L P., $ K. Billore & D. Amritphale.
1982. Certain ecological observations on
mangroves of Andaman Islands. Trap. Ecol.
23: 225-233.

Manickam, S., M. Sundaran & V. Ramaiyan.
1989. On some fish eggs and larvae from

the Andaman and Nicobar Seas. Centre of
Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Paran-
gipettai, Tamil Nadu, India..

Mansukhani, M R. & A K. Sarkar. 1980. On

a new species of toad from Camorta, Anda¬
man and Nicobar, India. Bull. Zool. Surv.
India 3: 97-101.

Mathauda, G S. 1957. The mangroves of In¬
dia. Pp. 31. In: Proc. Mangrove Symp. lb-
19 October 1957. Calcutta.

Mathur, L. P. 1968. History of the Andaman
and Nicobar islands (1756-1966). Sterling
Publishers (P) Ltd.

McVean, D. N. 1976. Report on land use in
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. GOI/
IUCN. Morges, Switzerland.

Miller, G S. 1902. Mammals of the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands. U. S. Nat. Hist. Mus.
24: 751-795.

Mishra, D C. & R P. Rajasekhar. 2005. Tsu¬
nami of 26 December and related tectonic
setting. Current Sci. 88(5): 680-682.

MSSRF. 2005. Action Plan for development
of Post-Tsunami “New Andamans”, Report
submitted to Andaman & Nicobar Admin¬
istration by M. S. Swaminathan Research
Foundation, Chennai.

Mustafa, A. M. & M. C. D’Silva. 1991. Sex

and spawning of corals at Port Blair, ANI.
J. Sci. & Tech. 69-70.

Naidu, K. K. 1957. Past, Present and future of
planting teak in the Andamans. Indian For¬
ester 83: 539-545.

Naidu, T. S. 1998. The Shompen aboriginal
tribal population and problems of survival
in Great Nicobar Island../. Family Welfare
44(2): 59-66.

Nair, A. C. 1986. Natural resources conser¬
vation and development in Andaman and
Nicobar islands. Dept of Environment,
New Delhi

Nair, A. C. & C. S. C. Pillai. 1972. Primary
production of some coral reefs in Indian
Seas. In Proc. Symp. Coral and Coral Reefs.
J. Mar Bio. Assoc. India 1: 33-42.

Naswa, S. 1999. Tribes of Andaman and
Nicobar Islands. Mittal Publication.

Nath, B. & Y. Chaturvedi. 1975. On the col¬
lection of mammals from the Andaman and

68

Nicobar Islands. Bull. Indian Mm. 8: 44-
49.

Nath, B. & Y. Chatervedj. 1975. On a collec-
tin of mammals from Andaman and Nico¬
bar Islands. Bull. Indian Mm. 8: 44-49.

Nath, S K., S N. Bhattacharya, M. Vyas, I.
Pal, P. Sengupta, S. Mitra, W K. Mohanty
& S S. Ganguli. 2005. The great Sumatra-
Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004
as perceived from the broadband seismo¬
grams of Indian Institute of Technology,
Kharagpur Seismological Observatory.
Current Sci. 88(9): 1381-1386.

Nayak, S. R., B. Anjali, A. G. Untawale, T.
C. Jagtap & C. Raj. 1991. Coastal Wet¬
land Mapping of the Andaman and Nico¬
bar Group of Islands. Scientific note. Space
Applications Centre, Ahmedabad. RSAM/
SAC/COM/SN/10/91.

Nayak, S. R., A. Bahuguna & A. Ghosh.
1994. Coral Reef mapping of the Andaman
and Nicobar Group islands. Scientific note
Space Applications Centre Ahmedabad AC/
RSA/RSAG/DOD-COS/SN/08/94:1- 13.

NBRI. 2003. Bioprospecting of biodiversity,
conservation of medicinal plant and devel¬
opment of plant based health care system
in ANI. Study of the Composite Group—
Jarawa Resource Survey, Lucknow.

Oldham R D. 1884. Note on the earthquake of
31 December 1881. Rec. Geol. Surv. India
7(2): 47-53.

Oldham, R. D. 1865. Notes on the geology of
the Andaman Islands. Records of the Geo¬
logical Survey of India. 18, Part 3: 137-145.

Oommen, M A. 2002. Studies on the ecol¬
ogy and behaviour of the Nicobar tree
shrew (Tupaia nicobarica Zelebor, 1869)
in the Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve,
India. ANET Technical Report. Andaman
and Nicobar Islands Environmental Team.
Center for Herpetology/ Madras Crocodile
Bank Trust.

Ota, H., T. Hikida & M. Matsui. 1991. Re-

evaluation of the status of Gecko verreauxi
Tyler, 1864, from the Andaman Islands, In¬
dia. J. Herpetology> 25: 147-151.

Pande, P., A. Kothari, & S. Singh. 1991. Di¬
rectory of National Parks and Sanctuaries
in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Manage¬

ment Status and Profiles. Indian Institute of
Public Administration, New Delhi, India.

Pandit, s. 1991. Regeneration of important
rainforest tree species in virgin and selec¬
tively logged sites in the South Andaman
Island. M.Sc. Thesis, Pondicherry Univer¬
sity, Pondicherry.

Pandya, V. 1993. Above the forest. Oxford
University Press, YMCA Library Building,
Jai Singh Road, New Delhi.

Parkinson, C. E. 1922. A forest flora of the
Andaman Islands. Bishen Singh Mahendra
Pal Singh, Dchradun ( reprinted ).

Paul, M. 1992. Report on the current status
of negrito tribes of the Andamans. Report
to Janvikas and the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands Environmental Team.

Pillai, E, S. G. 1983a. Structure and genetic
diversity of recent Scleraclinia of India. J.
Mari. Biol Assoc. India. 25: 78-90.

Pillai, C S G. 1983b. Coral reefs and their en¬
virons. Pp. 36-43. In: Mariculture potential
of Andaman and Nicobar Islands- an in¬
dicative survey. Bull. Cent. Mar. Fish. Res.
Inst. No. 34.

Pillai, C S G. 1983c. Structure and generic
diversity of recent Scleractinia of India. J.
Mar. Biol. Assoc. India 25: 78-90.

Pooviah, P. M. 1957. A brief note on the An¬
daman forests and the problem of thinnings
in regenerated areas and regulation of mix¬
tures in the mixed deciduous crop. Indian
Forester 83: 500-504.

Portman, M. V. 1899. The history of our rela¬
tions with the Great Andamanese. (2 Vols.).
Office of the Superintendent of Govern¬
ment Printing, Calcutta, India.

Prashanth, M., K. Veenakumari & H R. Ran-
ganath. 1992. The giant African snail in
Andaman and Nicobar Islands. J. Andaman
Sci. Assoc. 11 (1 & 2): 47- 50.

Rajan. P T. 2001 . A field guide to groupers
and snappers of the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands. Zoological Survey of India, 234/4,
AJC Bose Road, 2nd MSO Building, 13th
floor, Nizam Palace, Kolkata- 700 020.

Rajan. P T. 2003. A field guide to marine food
fishes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Zoological Survey of India, 234/4, AJC

69

Bose Road, 2nd MSO Building, 13th floor,
Nizam Palace, Kolkata- 700 020.

Rajan. P T., D V. Rao & K. Devi. 1993. New

record of butterfly fishes from Andaman
and Nicobar Islands. J. Andaman Sci. As¬
soc. 8(2): 172-174.

Rajashekhar, C P. & P. Reddy. 2002. Ecology
of beach rock fauna of the South Andaman
Island. Current Sci. 82 (7): 881-885.

Ramachandran, S. 2000. The Andaman,
Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands. Pp. 189-
197. In: Sheppard, C.R.C. (Ed.). Seas at the
millennium: An Environmental Evaluation.
Elsevier Science.

Ramachandran, S., S. Anitha, V. Balamuru-
gan, K. Dharanirajan, K. E. Vendhan, M I
P Divien, A S. Vel, I S. Hussain & A. Uda-
yaraj. 2005. Ecological impact of tsunami
on Nicobar Islands (Camorta, Katchal,
Nancowry andTrinkat). Current Sci. 89(1):
195-200.

Ramanamurthy, M V., S. Sundaramoorthy,
Y. Pari, V. Ranga Rao, M. Bhat, T. Usha,
R. Venkatesan & B R. Subramanian.
2005. Inundation of sea water in Anda¬
man and Nicobar Islands and parts of Tamil
Nadu coast during 2004 Sumatra tsunami.
Current Sci. 88(11): 1736-1740.

Rao, D V. 2004. Guide to reef fishes of the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Zoological
Survey of India, 234/4, AJC Bose Road,
2nd MSO Building, Nizam Palace, Kolka¬
ta- 700 020.

Rao, D V. & K. Devi. 2003. Studies on the soil
corals (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) of An¬
daman Islands, Bay of Bengal. Rec. Zool.
Surv. India. 206: 1-102.

Rao, D V. & K. Devi. 2004. A pictorial guide
to butterfly and Anemone fishes of the An¬
daman and Nicobar Islands. Zoological
Survey of India, 234/4, AJC Bose Road,
2nd MSO Building, Nizam Palace, Kolka¬
ta- 700020.

Rao, D. V, K. Devi and P. T. Rajan. 2000. An

account of ichthyofauna of Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, Bay of Bengal. Rec. Zool.
Surv. India. 178: 434 pp.

Rao, G. C. 1990. Present status of the sea cow
Dugong dugong (Muller) in Bay Islands,

Journal of Andaman Science Assoc. 5(2):
99-107

Rao, G. C & I. H. Khan .+990. On file Present
Status of the Marine Fauna of the Anda¬
man Sea. Zoological Survey of India, Port
Blair.

Rao, G. C. & D. V. Devroy. 1985. The fauna
of the Bay Islands. J. Andaman Sci. Assoc.
1: 1- 17.

Rao, G. C., D. V. Rao & K. Devi. 1994. A fau¬
nal exploration of North Reef Island Sanc¬
tuary. J. Andaman Sci. Assoc. 10(1 & 2):
68-81.

Rao, P. S. N. 1996. Phytogcography of the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Malayan
Nat. J. 50: 57-79.

Rao, S. 1995. Treasured Islands! An Environ¬
mental Handbook for Teachers in the Anda¬
man and Nicobar Islands. Kalpavriksh/An¬
daman and Nicobar Islands Environmental
Team.

Rao, T. S. S. & C. J. Saldanha 1989. Anda¬
man and Nicobar Islands: Marine Resourc¬
es - Their Utilization and Management in
Andaman, Nicobar and Lakshwadweep: An
Environmental Impact Assessment. Minis¬
try of Environment and Forests, India

Ratnam, J. 1993a. Distribution and behav¬
ioural ecology of the Andaman day gecko
(Phelsuma andamanensis). Master’s dis¬
sertation, Salim Ali School of Ecology,
Pondicherry University, Pondicherry.

Ratnam, J. 1993b. Status and natural history
of the Andaman day gecko, Phelsuma an¬
damanensis. Dactylus 2(2): 59-66.

Ravi Kumar, M & S. C. Bhatla. 1999. A new
seismic hazard map for Indian plate region
under the global seismic hazard assessment
programme. Current Sci. 77(3): 447-453.

Reddy, P. 1994. Pre- and- Post- Independent
Government of India and the native com¬
munities of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
In: C.V. Suryanarayan & V. Sudaresen
(Ed’s.). Andaman and Nicobar Islands -
Challenges and Development. Konark Pvt.
Ltd., Main Vikas, New Delhi, India.

Renuka, C. 1995. A manual of rattans of An¬
daman and Nicobar Islands. KFRI, Peechi.

Rodgers, W. A. & H. S. Panwar. 1988. Plan¬
ning a Wildlife Protected Area Network

70

in India. Vol.2: State Summaries, Wildlife
Inst. India, Dehra Dun, Tndia.

Rodolfo, K. S. 1969. Bathymetry and marine
geology of the Andaman basin and tectonic
implications for South Asia. Geol. Soe.
.America Bull. 80: 1203-1230.

Saha, S S. 1978. Notes on some mammals re¬
cently collected from Andaman and Nico¬
bar Islands. Rec. Zool. Surv. India 77(1-4):
119-126.

Sahni, K C. 1957. Mangrove forests in the
Andaman & Nicobar. Pp. 42. In: Proc.
Mangrove Symp. 16-19 October 1957.
Calcutta.

Saldanha, C J. 1989. Andaman, Nicobar and
Lakshadweep: An Environmental Impact
assessment. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.
PVT. LTD. New Delhi.

Sankaran, R 1993. The avifauna of the An¬
daman and Nicobar review and the current
scenario. Ornithological Society of India,
Bangalore, India.

Sankaran, R. 1995a. The Nicobar Megapode
and other endemic avifauna oflhe Nicobar
Islands. SACON Technical Report No. 2.
SAC'ON, Coimbatore.

Sankaran, R. 1995b. Impact assessment of
nest collection on the Edible - nest Swiftlet
in the Nicobar Islands. SACON Occasional
Report 1. Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology
& Natural History, Coimbatore, India.

Sankaran, R. 1996. Developing a protected
area network in the islands: the perspective
of endemic avifauna. Salim Ali Center for
Ornithology and Natural History, Kalam-
palayam, Coimbatore.

Sankaran, R. 1998. The impact of nest col¬
lection on the Edible nest Swiftlet Collo-
calia fuciphaga in the Andaman and Nico¬
bar Islands. Report to IUCN.

Sankaran, R. 2005. Impact of the earthquake
and the tsunami on the Nicobar Islands. Pp.
10-77. In: R. Kaul & V. Menon (eds). The
Ground Beneath the Waves: Post tsunami
impact assessment of wildlife and their
habitats in India. Vol. 2. Wildlife Trust of
India, A-220, New Friends Colony, New
Delhi-110 065.

Sarkar, J. 1989. Endangered tribes and their
development in Andaman and Nicobar Is¬

lands. J. Indian Anthropological Soc. 24:
1-45.

Sarkar, J. 1990. The .Tarawa. The AS1 An¬
daman and Nicobar Islands Tribe Series.
Seagull books, Calcutta.

Schwager, c. 1866. Fossilc foraminiferen
von Kar Nicobar Island. Novara Expedi¬
tion. Geol. Theil. 2: 187-268.

Sengupta, N. 1992. Utilization of wilderness
in Wandoor, a village in South Andaman:
Problems and prospects. Report submitted
to Development Alternatives, New Delhi
and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands En¬
vironmental Team (ANET).

Sekhsaria, P. 1998. Forest based industry in
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. A study
of labour. State of India’s Labour, Centre
for Education and Communication.

' Shankar, K. 1997. Andaman and Nicobar Is-
lands-A tourism perspective. Master’s Dis¬
sertation, Centre for Tourism Studies, Pon¬
dicherry University, Pondicherry.

Sharma, S. K. 1977. A further contribution to
the study of nursery behaviour of Diospy-
ros marmorata R.N. Parker. Indian For¬
ester 103: 542-549.

Shetty, S. 1996. Studies on the terrestrial
behaviour of the yellow'-lipped sea krait
(Laticauda colubrina) in the Andaman Is¬
lands. M.Sc Dissertation. Salim Ali School
of Ecology, Pondicherry University, Pon¬
dicherry.

Shetty, S. & A. Sivasundar. 1998. Using
Passive Integrated Transponders to study
the ecology of Laticauda coluhrina. Ha¬
madryad 23(1): 71-76.

Shetty, S. & K. V. Devi Prasad. 1996. Geo¬
graphic variation in the number of bands in
Laticauda colubrina. Hamadryad 21: 44-
45.

Shetty, S. & K. V. Devi Prasad. 1996. Stud¬
ies on the terrestrial behaviour of Laticauda
colubrina in the Andaman Islands, India.
Hamadryad 21:23-26.

Singh, A. 1997. Socio-economic Survey of
Mount Harriet National Park, South Anda¬
man Island, India. A rapid assessment re¬
port. Andaman and Nicobar Islands Envi¬
ronmental Team.

71

Singh, A. & H V. Andrews. 2003. A case
study from South Andaman Island. Pp.
157-186. In: E. Whittingham, J. Campbell
& P. Townsley (Eds). Poverty and Coral
Reefs. Vol. 2-Case Study. For DFID, TMM
and IOC-UNESCO. UNESCO, Paris.

Singh, A., P. Biswas & R. Ali. 2002. Socio¬
economic monitoring around the Mahatma
Gandhi Marine National Park, South Anda¬
man Island. ANET Techinical Report, Feb.
2002, to Global Coral Reef Monitoring
Network & UNESCO. Madras Crocodile
Bank Trust, Post Bag-4, Mamallapuram-
603 104, Tamil Nadu, S. India. 41 pp.

Singh, D. B., P. V. Sreekumar, T. V. R. S
Sharma & A. K. Bandyopadhyay. Musa
balbisiana var. andamanica (Musaceae)- A
new species banana variety from Andaman
Islands. Malayan Nat. J. 52: (3 & 4): 157-
160.

Singh, N T. & A D. Mongia. 1985. Soils of the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands. J. Andaman
Sci. Assoc. 1(1): 28-34.

Singh, N T., A D. Mongia & A. N. Ganesha-
murthy. 1988. Characteristics and classifi¬
cation of soils of the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands. J. Andaman Sci. Assoc. 4(1): 1-12.

Singh, S. 2002. Report of the Commission
Set up Under Orders of the Supreme Court
on the Status of Forests and Other Allied
Matters in Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
Volume I, II & III. Indian Institute of Public
Administration, New Delhi, India.

Singh, S J. 2001. Wind over the Nicobars.
The Human Landscape. Center Quarterly
28(1): 123-138.

Singh, S J. 2001. Social metabolism and la¬
bour in a local context: Changing environ¬
mental relations on Trinket Island. Popula¬
tion and Environment 23(1): 71-104.

Singh, J. S. 2002. The biodiversity crisis: A
multifaceted review. Current Sci. 82: 638-
647.

Singh, V. P. & A. Garge. 1993. Ecology of
Mangrove Swamps of the Andaman Is¬
lands. International Book Distributors,
New Delhi.

Singh, V. P, A. Garge, S. M. Pathak & L. P.
Mall. 1987. Pattern and process in man¬

grove forests of the Andaman Islands. Feg-
etatia 7 1 (3): 185-188.

Singh, V. P, L. P. Mall, A. Garge & S. M.
Pathak. 1987. A new record of some man¬
grove species from the Andaman islands
(India) and their distribution. Indian For-
ester 113(3): 214-217

Singh, V. P, L. P. Mall, A. Garge & S. M.
Pathak. 1987. Some ecological aspects of
mangrove forest of Andaman Island, India.
J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 83(3): 527-537.

Singh, V. P, L. P. Mall, A. Garge & S. M.
Pathak. 1990. Human impact assessment
on mangrove forests of Andaman Islands,
India . Indian Forester 116(2): 131-139.

Singh, V S., M V. Nandakumar, M R K.
Sarnia & V P. Dimri. 2005. Changes in
groundwater regime at Neil Island (South
Andaman) due to earthquake and tsunami
of 26 December 2004. Current Sci. 88(12):
1984-1987.

Sinha, A. R. P & K. Kumar. 1993. Porana
volubilis Burm. F. (Cbnvolvulaceae): A
new record- Andaman Flora. ./. Bombay
Nat. Hist. Soc. 90(3): 542-543.

Sinha, B. K. 1999. Flora of Great Nicobar Is¬
lands. Botanical Survey of India. Calcutta-
700 001.

Sinha, B. K, V. Mania & P. S. N. Rao. 1998. A

new species of Dendrobium (Orchidaceac)
from the Great Nicobar Island, India. Nor¬
dic J. Botany 18(1): 27-30.

Sinha, B. K & P. S. N Rao. 1994. New record
of Pycnarrhena longifolia (Menispermace-
ae) from the Andaman Islands: An addition
to the Indian flora. Malayan Nat. J. 48 (1):
39-40.

Sinha, B. K., S. K. Srivastava & P. S. N Rao.

Phytogeographical notes on some rare
Pteridophyte taxa from Nicobar Islands, In¬
dia. Malayan Nat. J. 53 (4): 269- 286.

Sirus, H. S. 1999. A rapid assessment of
threats to the coastal environment and their
root causes in the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, A component of IND/95/G41,
(UNDP), unpublished report, UNDP, New
Delhi, India.

Sivadasan, M & A. V. Jaleel. 1998. Redis¬
covery of Amorphophallus longistylus
(Araceae), a little known rare endemic spe-

72

cies from Middle Andaman, India. Rheeda
8(1): 103-106.

Sivaganesan, N. & A. Kumar. 1995. Sta¬
tus of feral elephants in Andamans. In ‘A
week with elephants: Proceedings of the
International Seminar on the Conservation
of Asian elephant’, June 1993. J.C. Daniel
& H.S. Datye, (Ed’s.). Oxford University
Press, Oxford.

Sivakumar, K. 1999. A study on the breeding
biology of the Nicobar Megapode Mega-
podius nicobariensis. Ph. D. Dissertation,
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore.

Sivakumar, K. 2003. Introduced mammals in
Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India): A
Conservation Perspective. Aliens 17: 2003.

Sivasundar, A. 1996. Studies on the nesting
of leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys
coriacea) in the Andaman Islands. M.Sc
Dissertation, Salim Ali School of Ecology,
Pondicherry University, Pondicherry

Sivasundar, A. & K. V. Devi Prasad. 1996.
Placement and predation of nests of leath¬
erback sea turtles in the Andaman Islands,
India. Hamadryad 21: 36-42.

Soundarajan, R. 1989. Crown of Thoms.
SANE Awareness Series 3, SANE, Port
Blair, India.

Soundararajan, R., S. Dam Roy, N. Sarangi
& S P S. Ahlawat. 2001. Marine biodiver¬
sity vis-a-vis aquaculture development in
Bay Islands, pp 274-275. Proc. Nat. Symp.
Biodiveristy vis-a-vis Resource Exploita¬
tion: An Introspection.

Space Application Centre. 1998. Coastal
Land Use Atlas of India. Vol. I. (Tamil
Nadu, Andaman & Nicobar Islands)

Sreekumar, P. V. 1994. New Plant records for
Bay Islands. ,/. Economic and Taxonomic
Botany 18(1): 185-187.

Sreekumar, P. V. 1997. Critical notes on the
orchid Phalaenopsis cornucervi (Breda). .7.
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 94(3): 599-600.

Sreekumar, P. V. 1998. Six new records of Fi¬
cus L. (Moraceae) from Andaman & Nico¬
bar Islands. J. Economic and Taxonomic.
Botany 22(1): 199-203.

Sreekumar, P. V. 1999. Schoenus calostachy-
us (R. Br.) Poir, Cyperaceae, from Nicobar

Islands: A new sedge record for India. . J.
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 96 (1): 180-181.

Sreekumar, P. V. & J. L. Ellis. 1990. Six wild

relatives of betel vine from Great Nicobar.
Botanical Survey of India, Andaman and
Nicobar Circle, Port Blair.

Sreekumar, P. V & N. Kala. 1998. Critical

notes on Xylocarpvs Keen. (Meliaccac)
Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indian For¬
ester 124(4): 259-261.

Sreekumar, P V. & P S N. Rao. 1992. Addi¬
tion to the flora to the Andaman and Nico¬
bar Islands. J. Andaman Sci. Assoc. 8(1):
85-86.

Sreekumar, P. V, L. N. Ray & N. Kala. 1996.

The genus Nervilia (Orchidaccac) in Anda¬
man and Nicobar Archipelago, India. Rhee-
dea 6(2): 65-69.

Srpekumar, P. V, D. B. Singh & T. V. R. S.
Sharma. 1996. Occurrence of Annona
glabra L. A. wild relative of custard apple
in the Andaman Islands, India. J. Bombay
Nat, His. Soc.

Sreekumar, P. V, K. Veenakumari & P. M
Padhye. 1996. Martgifera grifithii (Anac-
ardiaceae) an addition to the Indian Man¬
goes, from Andaman Islands, India. Ma¬
layan Nat. ./. 50(2): 85-87.

Sreekumar, P. V., K. Veenakumari & P, Mo-
hanraj. 1997. On the genus Tvphonium
Schot (Araceac) in the Andaman and Nico¬
bar Islands, India. Malayan Nat. J. 50(2):
93-95.

Sreekumar, P. V., K. Veenakumari & P. Mo-
hanraj. 1998. Ceropegia andamanic.a (As-
clepiadaceac) a new “fly trap flower" from
the Andaman Islands, India. Blumea 43(1):
215-217.

Sree, V. J, K., L. Bhat & A. H. Parulekar.
1996. Occurrence and distribution of soft
corals (Octocoraliia: Aleyonacca) from the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands. J. Bombay
Nat. Hist. Soc. 93(2): 202-209.

Srinivasan, M. S. 1979. Geology and mineral
resources of the Andaman and Nicobar Is¬
lands. Pp. 229-236. In: Andaman-Nicobar
Information. Govt. Printing Press, Port
Blair, Andamans.

73

Srinivasan, M s. 1986. Geology of ihc Anda¬
man and Nicobar Islands. J. Andaman Sci.
Assoc. 2(1): 1-12.

Srinivasan, M S. & R J. Azmi. 1979. Corre¬
lation of Late Cenozoic marine sections in
Andaman- Nicobar, Northern Indian Ocean
and equatorial Pacific../. Paleontol. 53(8):
1401-1415.

Srinivasan, M S. & V. Sharma. 1980. Schwa-
ger’s Car Nicobar Foraminifera in tire re¬
port of the Novara Expedition- A revision.
Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Pub¬
lishers, New Delhi.

Srivastava, S. K. 1994. Zingiber odoriferum
Bl. A new record for India from Andaman
Islands. J. Economic and Taxonomic Bota¬
ny 18(2): 442-444.

Srivastava, S. K & R. Kumar. 1993. New¬
ly recorded taxa from the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
90(1): 139-140.

Srivastava, S K. & B K. Sinha. 1995. Poi¬
sonous plants in Bay Islands, India. An¬
daman Sci. Assoc. 11(1 & 2): 21-28.

Stattersfield, A. J., M. C. Crosby, A J. Long,
& D. C. Wege. 1998. Endemic Bird Areas
of the World. Birdlife International Cam¬
bridge, UK.

Struhsaker, T. T. 1997. Ecology of an African
Rain Forest. University Press of Florida,
Gainesville.

Subba Rao, N V. & S C. Mitra. 1991. Land
mollusks of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Rec. Zool. Surv. India- Occ. Paper 26: 1-80.

Subba Rao, N V. & A. Dey. 2000. Catalogue
of marine molluscs of Andaman and Nico¬
bar Islands. Occasional paper No. 167. Zo¬
ological Survey of India, 234/4, AJC Bose
Road, 2nd MSO Building, 13th floor, Ni¬
zam Palace, Kolkata- 700 020.

Subramaniam, B. A. 1956. Teak plantations
in the Andamans. Indian Forester 82: 190-
194.

Swaminathan, M. C. D., K. L. lyenger & D.

H. A Survey of the Onge Tribe of Little An¬
daman Island. Indian. J. Med. Res. 59(7):
1136-1147.

Swaminathan, M C., D. Krishnamurthi, L.
lyenger & D H. Rao. 1971. Health survey

of the Onge-Tribe of Little Andaman Island.
Indian J. Med. Res. 59(7): 1136-1147.

Talwar, P K. 1990. Fishes of the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands: A synoptic analysis. J.
Andaman Sci. Assoc. 6(2): 71-102.

Tigga, M. & P. V. Sreekumar. 1996. Wild ed¬
ible fruits of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Bull. Bol. Surv. India 38(1-4): 25-37.

Tikader, B. K. 1984. Birds of the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands. ZSI, Calcutta.

Tikader, B. K. & A. K. Das. 1985. Glimpses
of animal life of Andaman & Nicobar Is¬
lands. ZSI, Calcutta.

Tikader, B. K., A. Daniel & N. V. Subba Rao.
1996. Sea Shore Animals of the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands. ZSI, Calcutta.

Tipper, G M. 1911. The geology of the An¬
daman Islands with special reference to the
Nicobars. Mem. Geol. Surv. India, part 3.
35: 135-146.

Tiwari, K K. & S. Biswas. 1973. Two new

reptiles from the Great Nicobar Island. J.
Zool. Surv. India 25: 57-63.

Tiwari, M. 1991 . A fol low-up sea turtle survey
in the southern Nicobars. Report to the An¬
daman and Nicobar Islands Forest Depart¬
ment and Madras Crocodile Bank Trust.

Tiwari, M. 1992. First record on the sunbeam
snake Xenopeltis unicolor Reinwardt, 1827
(Serpentes: Xcnopeltidae) from Great
Nicobar Island. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
89(3): 383.

Todd, F. H. 1906. Pterocarpus dalhergioides.
Indian Forester 32: 581 -587.

Turner, J. R., D. Vousden, R. Klaus, C. Saty-
anarayana, D. Fenner, K. Venkataraman,
P. T. Rajan & N. V. Subba Rao. 2001. Re¬
port of Phase 1: Remote Sensing and Rapid
Site Assessment Survey, April 2001. Coral
Reef systems of the Andaman Islands. GOl,
UNDP & GEF.

UNDP. 1997. Development strategy for En¬
vironmentally Sustainable Tourism in the
Andamans. Final Report.

Veenakumari, K&P. Mohanraj. 1997a. Re¬
discovery of Letheuropa tamuna with notes
on other threatened butterflies from the An¬
daman and Nicobar islands. J. Lepidopter-
isls’Soc. 51(3): 273-275.

74

Veenakumari, K. & P. Mohanraj. 1997b. Re¬
discovery of Pachlipto coon sambilanga
(Doherty, 1886) (Papilionidae) in Great
Nicobar, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, In¬
dia. Malayan Nat. J. 48: 89-91.

Veenakumari, K, P. Mohanraj & H. R. Ran-
ganath. 1995. Additional records of insect
pests of vegetables in the Andaman Islands,
India. ./. Entomological Research 19(3):
277-279.

Veenakumari, K, P. Mohanraj & H. R. Ran-
ganath. 1996. Pests of fruit crops in Anda¬
man and Nicobar Islands. Entomon 21(3):
153-156

Veenakumari, K, P. Mohanraj & A. K. Ban-
dyopadhyay. 1997. Insect herbivores and
their natural enemies in the mangals of the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands../. Bombay
Nat. Hist. 31(7): 1105-1126.

Veenakumari, K., P. Mohanraj & P. V.
Sreekumar. 1997. Host plant utilization
by butterfly larvae in the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands (Indian Ocean), Central
Agricultural Research Institute and Botani¬
cal Survey of India.

Venkataraman, K. & P. T. Rajan. 1998. Cor¬
al Reefs of Mahatma Gandhi Marine Na¬
tional Park and Crown-of-Thoms Starfish
Phenomenon. In: Proc. Symp. Island Eco¬
systems and Sustainable Development. An¬
daman Science Association and Dept of S
& T, Andaman & Nicobar Administration,
Port Blair, India.

Venkateshwar, S. 1999. The Andaman Is¬
landers. Scientific American 280(5): 82-88.

Verma, I. C. 1989. Saving the tribal groups of
Andaman and Nicobar Islands from Extinc¬
tion, An Action Oriented Research Project;
final Report.

Vijayakumar, S P. 2003. Distribution patterns
of amphibians and reptiles in the Nicobar
Islands. Phase-1. Andaman and Nicobar
Islands Environmental Team. Center for
Herpetology/Madras Crocodile Bank Trust,
Post Bag-4, Mamallapuram- 603 104, Tamil
Nadu, India.

Vijayan, L. 1996a. Status and conservation
of the Andaman teal ( Anas gibberifrons al-
bogularis). Gibier Fanne 13: 831-842

Vijayan, L. 1996b. Status and Conservation
of the Andaman teal (Anas gibberifrons al-
bogu/aris), Salim Ali Centre for Ornithol¬
ogy and Natural History, Kalampalayam,
Coimbatore, India.

Vijayan, L. 1997. Endemic birds of the Anda¬
man Islands and their Conservation. Proc,
Conference on Environmental Education
Needs of Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
Port Blair. CPR Environment Education
Centre, Madras, India.

Vijayan, L & R. Sankaran. 2000. A study on
the ecology, status and conservation per¬
spectives of certain rare endemic avifauna
of the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Final
Report. Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology &
Natural History.

Vijayan, L., R. Sankaran, K. Sivakumar &
V. Murugan. 2000. A study on the ecology
status and conservation perspectives of cer¬
tain rare endemic avifauna of the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands, Salim Ali Centre for
Ornithology and Natural History.

Venu, P. & M. Sanjappa. 2001. Forests. Pp.
122-147. In: J R B. Alfred, A K. Das & A K.
Sanyal (eds). Ecosystems of India. ENVIS
Centre, Zoological Survey of India, New
Alipore, Kolkata-700 053.

Vousden, D. 2001. The management of coral
reef ecosystems of the Andaman and Nico¬
bar Islands. Mission report- GOI/UNDP
GEF, PDF- B Phase, New Delhi.

Wafar, W. V. M. 1986. Corals and coral reefs
of India. In the proc. of the Indian Acad.
Sci, A nine Sci. Plant Sci. Suppl. 19-43.

Wafar, W. V. M. 1992. Status of corals reefs of
the Gulf of Kutch and Andaman and Nico¬
bar group of Islands. Prepared for Dept, of
Environment and Forests, Govt, of India,
New Delhi.

Waheedkhan, M A. 1957. Ecological studies
on the mangrove forests in India. Pp. 97-
109. In: Proc. Mangrove Symp. 16-19 Oc¬
tober 1957. Calcutta.

Walker, J T. 1883. The earthquake of the 31
December 1881, General Report of the op¬
erations of the Survey of India 1881-1882,
53-55. ( also reprinted in Proc. Asiatic Soci¬
ety of Bengal, March 1883, pp. 60).

75

Washington, H S. 1924. The lavas of Barren
and Narcondum Islands. American J. Sci.
Serv. 5(7): 441-456.

Weeks, L., R N. Harrison & G. Peter. 1967.

Islands arc system in the Andaman Sea.
Bull. American Assoc. Petrochemical Geol.
51: 1803-1815.

Wells, J B J. & G C. Rao. 1987. Littoral har-
pacticoida (Crustagea: Copepoda) from
Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Memoirs of
the Zool. Surv. India 16(4): 1-385.

Whitaker, R. 1978. Herpetological survey in
the Andamans. Hamadryad 3: 9-16.

Whitaker, R. 1983. Crocodile resources in the
Andaman and Nicobars. In: Mariculture
potential in Andaman and Nicobar Islands
- an indicative survey. Bull. Cent. Mar.
Fish. Res. Inst. 34: 101-110.

Whitaker, R. 1985. Managing tropical moist
forests. Endangered Andamans. Environ¬
mental Service Group, WWF-India/MAB
India and Department of Environment,
Government of India, New Delhi.

Whitaker, R. 1989. Conservation and devel¬
opment in the Andaman Islands. Pp. 111-
132. In: B. Allchin, E.R. Allchin & B. K.
Thapar (Eds.). Conservation of the Indian
Heritage. Cosmo Publications, New Delhi.

Whitaker, R. 1994. Some environmental is¬
sues facing the Andaman and Nicobar Is¬
lands. Pp. 97-106. In: V. Suryanarayan &
V. Sundersen (Eds.). Andaman and Nicobar
Islands-challenges for development. Kon-
ark Publications, New Delhi.

Whitaker, R. & A. Captain. 2004. Snakes of
India- The field guide. Draco Books, P. 0.
Box- 21, Chengalapattu- 603101, Tamil
Nadu, India. 479.

Whitaker, R. & Z. Whitaker. 1978. A prelimi¬
nary survey of the saltwater crocodile ( Croc-
odylus porosus) in the Andaman Islands. J.
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 76: 311-325.

Wood, E. 1991. Coral reef fish and condition of
coral reefs in South Andaman Island, India.
Report submitted to Andaman and Nicobar
Islands Environmental Team and Indian Na¬
tional Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage
(INTACH) Andaman and Nicobar Chapter.

Wood, E. 1991. Coral mortality on reefs in the
Wandoor Marine National Park, Andaman
Islands, Report to Indian National Trust for
Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) and the
Andaman and Nicobar Forest Department.

World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1994.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Conservation
Status Listing of plants Compiled from the
WCMC Plants Database. UNEP, 219, Hunt¬
ington Road, Cambridge CB3 ODL, UK.

Wiister, W. 1996. Taxonomic changes and
toxinology: Systematic revision of the
Asiatic cibra (Naja naja species complex).
Toxicon. 34(4): 399-406.

Wiister, W. 1998. The cobras of the genus
Naja in India. Hamadryad. 23(1): 15-32.

ZSI. 1995. Bibliography on Zoology of Anda¬
man and Nicobar Islands (1845-1993). Rec.
Zool. Surv. India. Occ. paper. No. 158. .Zo¬
ological Survey of India, Calcutta.

ii.i. Agriculture

11.1.1. Control of forest encroachments for agriculture

Actions being taken

• Clearing of encroachments in areas that have bceu encroached after 1978.

• Schemes to rehabilitate cncroachers.

• Rehabilitation of degraded lands after all evictions are completed..

Implementing agencies

Forest Dept.. Revenue Dept. Industries Dept., Education Dept.

Time frame and
proposed time of start

Immediate- Priority: URGENT

Rationale

Eco-restoration of degraded lands following order of Supreme Court.

Key methods

1 Identification of land for resettlement (Revenue Dept)

2. Shifting & Relocation (Dept. Environment and Forests. Revenue Dept.)

3. Identification and training for alternate employment (industries)

4. Nursery work and planting of degraded land (DF.F)

5. Control for reducing immigration; elimination of transport subsidies.

Fund requirement
and source

Rs. 40 crores (approx.)

Integration with other
programmes/ plans

Industries Dept & Tourism Dept, to play major supporting role.

Conflict resolution

Marginal decrease in agricultural productivity, increase in unemployment.

11 . 1 . 2 . In-situ and ex-situ conservation of wild relatives of cultivated species

• .

• Identification of areas where wild relatives of cultivated species are found.

Actions to be taken

• Protection measures for areas found, if necessary.

• Seed collection and propagation at key sites

Forest department (in-situ conservation)

Implementing agencies

Agriculture Dept.'

CAR1

Time frame and

5 years, ongoing

proposed time of start

Stan: 2005.

Rationale Gcrmplasm of wild relatives for genetic improvement of cultivars.

Key methods Survey, land allocation, nursery practice, plantation.

Fund requirement 5 lakhs annually

and source

Integration with other Employment for nursery and watch and ward staff through DRDA.

programmes/ plans

NIL

Conflict resolution

77

11.1.3. Cooperatives for transport, marketing and enhanced productivity

Actions to be taken

• Formation of cooperatives (Coop Dept., NGOs) ~ _ 7-

• Deep freeze, cold storage at key spots (Industries. Fisheries & Agri. Depts.)

• Arrangement of better transport (STS, Marine) _ * <■

• Arrangement of training for extension personnel.

Implementing agencies

Time frame and
proposed time of start

Agriculture Depl., Fisheries Dept., JNRM (Commerce & Cooperative Man¬
agement Departments)

2 years for set up

Start: 2005.

Rationale

To enhance income opportunities for farmers and fishermen

Key methods

Arranging finance, P.R-A’s, negotiations, supervision of construction

Fund requirement
and source

30 laklis

A & N Administration

Integration with other
programmes? plans

Fisheries face storage and transport problems

Conflict resolution

Existing middlemen likely to create problems.

11 . 1 . 4 . Introduction of organic farming.

Actions to be taken

• Establishment of demonstration farms (Agri. Dept; & CARI)

• Identification of farmers willing to grow organic crops (Agn., NGO)

• Training and facilitation of above (NGO)

• Arranging marketing linkages (Agri, NGO)

• Demonstrating advantages of organically grown food (CARI)

Implementing agencies

Agri. Dept., CAR], NGO’s

Titne frame and
proposed time of start

5 years starting June 2006.

Rationale

Reduction of pesticide use, improved health, protection of coral reefs.

Key methods

Demonstration & Training

Fund requirement
and source

15 lakhs annually

' • : : iS2; . i

Integration witfr other
programmes/ plans

Coordination with agency pollution/pesticide monitoring.

Conflict resolution

NIL

78

11 . 1 . 5 . Orchid cultivation and floriculture

• Collection ot wild plants from forestry operations are to occur.

• Roadside collection daring monsoons from windblown trees.

Actions to be taken

• F.stablishment ol nursery and demonstration plots

* Training and supply of material to select farmers

Implementing agencies

• Obtaining and distribution of hybrids

CARI, RSI & ANET, JNRM (Botany Department)

Time frame and
proposed time of start

Rationale

June 2005

Orchids are a sustainable, income generation resource

Key methods

Appropriate nursery techniques to be taught, tissue culture laboratory to be set

Fund requirement

20 lakhs annually

and source

From: MOEF

Integration with other
programmes/ plans

Forest dept, to permit collection for propagation from private land and roads.

Forest Dept, to monitor, to ensure that material collected from the wild docs
not leave the islands.

Conflict resolution

NB: Smuggling of genetic material likely to occur even if this programme
does not exist.

11 . 1 . 6 . Water management for agriculture and household use.

• Construction of structures to prevent runoff and soil erosion.

• Rec lamatio n of saline land of low biodiversity.

; • Planting trees on degraded hill slopes and along streams.

Actions to be taken

♦ Creation of check dams and protection of catchments. ;-vi

• Construction of household rainwater harvest structures.

• C Construction of open ponds.

• Establishment of management mechanisms for above at village level.

Implementing agency

Agri. Dept (Know-how), PWD, DRDA, Village panchayats & NGO

Timeframe and
proposed time of start

3 years for pilot in Wandoor & Manglutan panchayats

June 2005 • --- - ~

Rationale

Enhance agriculture, reduce w ater scarcity, protect catchments

Key methods

Mapping through .GPS and GIS, construction, P.R.A’s to organize.

Fund requirement
and source

50 lakhs annually

Integration with other
programmes/ plans

Will meet drinking and domestic water needs also.

Conflict resolution

Restrictions on livestock movement in catchments.

79

Establishment of quarantine facilities

Actions to betaken

• Facilities for isolation and tumigation of plants and animals coming into the

fetands - .~ I r ~ -gg

• Training and posting personnel at both airport and seaport.

• Monitoring ofdisease and pest outbreaks and providing solutions.

Implementing agency

Agriculture Dept., AH & VS, CARI (monitoring)

Time frame and
proposed time of start

Ongoing, urgent and immediate

Rationale

To prevent new diseases of plants and animals entering the islands.

Key methods

By establishing facilities and operating them by researching pest outbreaks, to
ensure that exotic species are not introduced. ~ ~-

Fund requirement
and source

50 lakhs establishment

10 lakhs annually

Integration with other
programmed plans

Silviculture Division of Forest Dept., ICFRE for plant pests; IVRL

Conflict resolution

NIL

11 . 1 . a. Wild relatives of cultivars

♦ Tn man the distribution of wild rolativr.s of ridti vfira

Actions to be taken

• To undertake genetic typing of wild relatives of cultivars

• To determine conservation status /efforts, in-situ and ex-situ

• To identify desirable traits and incorporate into cultivars

Implementing agency

BSI & CAR!

tirne frame and

June 2006

proposed time of start

5 years

Rationale

Wild relatives of: ginger, nutmeg, betel, mango, rice and banana, besides
several other fruits and tubers in ANI.

The germplasm from wild cultivars need immediate protection at the earliest.

: Key methods ; V

■ ■■■■■-•- .

Survey, collection, propagation, nursery/ laboratory and field research.

Fund requirement
and source

20 lakhs annually.

integration with other
programmes/ plans

Dept, of E & F for monitoring and Agriculture dept, can carry out extension
work.

Conflict resolution

NIL

80

ii. i. 9 . Avifaunal change with pesticide use

Actions to bo taken

• Analysis of pesticide residues in birds in various areas

• Determination of pesticide use, and bird community composition.

Implementing agency

Time frame and
proposed time of start

SACON and ANLT (field surveys), CARi (residue analysis)

June 2006, URGENT

3 Years

Rationale

Elsewhere, pesticide use linked to loss in bird diversity, including species
feeding on pests. Research on problem and solutions needed urgently.

Key methods

Survey and census; laboratory assays.

Fund requirement
and source

40 lakhs over 3 years

Integration with other
programmes/ plans

Agri. Dept, for providing information on pesticide use patterns.

JNRM student projects can be done as part of this.

Conflict resolution

NIL

ii. i. io. Agroforestry alternatives to agriculture.

Actions to be taken

_

• To initiate plots of cane, bamboo, fuel, fodder, timber on existing agricultural
land

• To monitor to establish economic viabihty

• To carry out extension activity where economically feasibile.

Implementing agency

Dept of E & F, NGO’s

Time frame and
proposed time of start

September 2006

2 years to initiate Phase 1; monitoring/ extension ongoing

Rationale

Declining crop yields will necessitate shift in land use for agriculture to agro¬
forestry in a significant proportion of the cropped area.

Key methods

Nursery, plantation, monitoring, extension

Fund requirement
and source

100 lakhs to initiate 5 sites; 10 lakhs annually for monitoring and incentives.

. .. •> v . -

Integration with other
programmes/ plans

Agri dept. - identification of areas where yields have declined most.

Silviculture Division of Forest dept, for design and trial.

JRMN to provide students to conduct research

Conflict resolution

Failure of alternatives and/or natural disasters to be countered with cash
incentives if necessary.

81

ii. 2. Tourism

ii. 2. i. Involvement of local residents in tourism development

Actions to be taken

• Establishment of extension cell in IPT for tourism information

• Involvement of local residents in existing tourism operations

• Involvement of local residents in proposed tourism developments.

Implementing agency

IP & T, JNRM (Tourism Department)

Time frame and
proposed time of start

Immediate, ongoing

Rationale

Residents in tourism areas should have opportunities to benefit, to deter
activities that degrade environment.

Key methods

Establishment of cell; Meetings with Panehayat by IPT'; identification of
activities related to tourism; training programmes for guides, lifeguards &
boatmen.

Fund requirement
and source

Initial: 20 lakhs; ongoing 10 lakhs/yr

Outlay to be built into each new project

Integration with other
programmes) plans

Wildlife Wing of the Dept of h & F, Dept. Industries & Panchayats

Conflict resolution

NIL

ii. 2 . 2 . Awareness in and around protected areas

Actions to be taken

• Increasing awareness of tourists in wilderness protected areas.

• Education of students/teachers in protected areas.

Implementing agency

IPT, Forest Dept.

Time frame and

1 year. Immediate

proposed time of start

Rationale

Unaware tourists may litter and/or damage corals.

Key methods

Establish interpretation centres at Mt. Harriet, Havelock I, Neil I; training
programmes for guide & boatmen.

Fund requirement
and source

15 lakhs, IPT

. .-. .•.

Integration with other

' .... '. ... - v.-.'.v. . ;.v.v . .

programmes/ plans

Conflict resolution

NIL

82

ii. 2 .3. Elimination of subsidies for tourism

Actions to be taken

♦ Evaluation and elimination of tourist subsidies.

Implementing agency

Revenue Dept

Time frame and
proposed time of start

August 2005

6 months

Rationale

Tourists receive up to Rs 10,000 in subsidies, including foreign visitors. Envi¬
ronmental “tax” would fund eco-tourism efforts.

Key methods

Research, imposition of tax/fare structures.

Fund requirement
and source

4 lakhs for study

integration with other
programmes/ plans

Marine dept,, SCI, Civil Supplies. STS.

Conflict resolution

Will temporarily lead to protests from foreign visitors. May temporarily lead
to a drop in tourism. Tour operators will protest this in the short run.

ii. 2 .4. Impact assessment at existing tourist sites

Actions to be taken

♦ Assessment of the impacts of tourism to date at Chidiyatapu, Wandoor, Mount
Harriet National Park, Havelock, Kalipur, Mayabunder, and Little Andaman
Island.

Implementing agency

IPT with NGO/ University

Time frame and
proposed time of start

June 2005.

1 year

Rationale

Tourism impacts already obvious at many sites. These should documented
and remedial efforts taken.

Key methods

Data collection and analysis. Interviews with key stakeholder groups such as
Forest dept:, tour operators, hoteliers, shopkeepers;

Fund requirement
and source

3 lakhs

Ministry of Tourism

Integration with other

Forest Dept.

programmes/ plans

Conflict resolution

NIL

83

11 . 2 . 5 . Establishment of carrying capacity

Actions to be taken

• Determine bottlenecks and limiting factors in terms of food, accommodation,

water"resources and transportation m the islands _ -TT

♦ Assess the extent to which these can be overcome without environmental
degradation.

Implementing agency

NGO/ University

Time frame and
proposed time of start

June 2005

1 year

Rationale

Increased tourism likely to lead to environmental degradation. WTO projects
155,000 tourists annually Tourism should be environmentally sustainable.

Key methods

Data collection and analysis

Fund requirement
and source

5 lakhs

Integration with Other
programmes/ plans

Industries department-El A cell to provide support.

Conflict resolution

NIL

11 .3. Animal husbandry and veterinary science projects

11 . 3 . i . Keeping livestock out of forests.

• Upgrading to breeds of cattle with higher mtlk yields

Actions to be taken

■ : : iUiiC i/'i

• Introducing danying, cheese production and other value addition to milk.

• Eliminating incentives tor goat rearing near forest areas.

• Growing of fodder trees on Panchayat land

..... . . . ..........

Implementing agency

AH & VS, CARI

Time frame and
proposed time of start

5 years, immediate

Rationale

Serious degradation to forests occurs with livestock entering it to browse.

Key methods

Schemes for stall (ceding; no bank loans for goat rearing, penalties for goats
in forest areas to be enforced : gg : SSg£SSTU

Fund requirement
and source

50 lakhs

Integration with other
programmes/plans

Forest Dept to provide seedlings for fodder trees, lo enforce non-entry of
livestock.

Conflict resolution

Goat rearers will lose income and methods to compensate them for it will
have to be worked out.

84

ii. 3 .2. ‘Livestock carrying capacity’ studies.

* Survey of total milk consumption and estimation of trends
Actions to be taken * Survey of requirement of draught animals and estimation of trends

Implementing agency

All & VS, ANHT, JNRM

Time frame and
proposed time of start

2 years

2005

Rationale

Kay methods

Fund requirement
and source

Integration with other
programmes/ plans

Conflict resolution

Relevant unknowns at present include daily milk requirements in ANI,
number of draught a nim als for farming, goat meat demand. These data needed
for long-term planning.

Questionnaires, survey, interviews.

10 lakhs

s»;.•« : • r : ;f;:';~:Vyr-.r. : ..' • v.V. : . ; .v.L : .? : .v!v. : .v.^.•yivTOT’i'i
.■■■■■ ■ ■ ■ ■; ■■■■■■.

JNRM may use students for their thesis work
NIL

ii.- 3 . 3 . Reducing the number of livestock by improving quality

Actions to be taken ■ To reduce the number of livestock through improvement of quality.
Implementing agency AH & VS

Time frame and Ongoing

proposed time of start b B

Rationale To reduce pressure on the land by reducing the number of livestock.

Rationale

Key methods

Fund requirement
and source

Integration with other
programmes/ plans

Import of frozen semen, use of A1 methods, import of stud animals of superior
breeds.

Rs. 30,0000
A & N Admin.

Forest Dept.

Conflict resolution

NIL

85

ii. 3.4. Breeding of local domesticated species

Actions to be taken

■ Propagation of Nicobari Fowl

• Propagation of Tercssa Gtiai - Z.

• Propagation of Nicobari Pigs

Implementing agency

AH & VS, CAR!

Time frame and
proposed time of start

Immediate, Ongoing

Rationale

Local domesticated species listed above better suited to island conditions

Key methods

Breeding and ongoing

Fund requirement
and source

All & VS

Integration with other
programmes/ plans

With DRDA for income generation

Conflict resolution

NIL

ii. 4 . Introduced species

ii. 4 . i. Control of spotted deer population

Actions to be taken

* Control of spotted deer, and feral dogs, including sterilization and culling

Implementing agency

Dept, of Environment & Forests.

Time frame and
proposed time of start

Immediate

Rationale

Chital population in the Andamans affecting forest regeneration.

Key methods

Fund requirement
and source

«}lCUii4dllUU, VUHtltg

20 lakhs for pilot project

MOEF

Integration with other
programmes/plans

Necessary to implement amendments in WLPA (1972) to authorize CWLW

to order removal of animals exotic in a particular region, even if protected
otherwise.

Conflict resolution

Objection from animal rights lobbies is anticipated. Awareness programme
may be necessary.

86

ii. 4. 2. Control of feral cats and dogs

Actions to be taken

• Licensing mechanism for dogs; establishment of pounds.

• Formation of dog catcher and disposal sqi i.td&£ ’ - * -

• Weapons for forest staff near sea turtle beaches.

Implementing agency

DEF; PBMC; panchayats.

Time frame and
proposed time of start

Ongoing .

Immediate

Rationale

Dogs eat sea turtle eggs/adults. Cats threaten endemic birds.

Key methods

trapping, removal

Fund requirement
and source

30 lakhs establishment

integration with other
programmes/ plans

: Coordination with Animal Welfare Board.

Conflict resolution

Problems with animal rights groups.

ii. 4. 3 . Assessment of impact of introduced Common Mynah

Actions to be taken

• Study Of ecology and breeding biology of common mynah

Implementing agency

NGO /JNRM

Time frame and
proposed time of start

3 years

2005

Rationale

This is an introduced species that has become extremely common. It may be
competing with endemic birds for food resources and nest sites.

Key methods

Field research

Fund requirement
and source

5 lakhs

MOEF

Integration with other
programmes/ plans

DEF to be informed about key findings for implementation if necessary.

Conflict resolution

NIL

87

ii. 5 . Native communities

ii. 5. i. Use of medicinal plants (Ethnobotany)

Actions to be taken

• To document the use of different plants by each tribal group

Implementing agency

BSI, NGO/ JRMN

Time frame and
proposed time of start

2005

3 years

Rationale

Ethnobotamcal studies likely will lead to new medicines to be documented,
tested and patented for tribal benefit.

Key methods

Survey, collection of voucher specimens, interview. Herbarium work

Fund requirement
and source

40 lakhs

MOEF

Integration with other
programmes/ plans

CDRI to do assays of potentially useful plant substances

BSI to do identification

MOEF to monitor patenting.

y.V.V., .... 7... •; . 7 : 7:7 v : . .7 7

NIL

Conflict resolution

ii. 6 . Immigration

11 . 6 . 1 . Reducing influx into the Andaman Islands

Actions to betaken

• Reduce inflow of immigrants to ANIL

.• ••••••. •.•.• . v. : . v. .

Implementing agency

Revenue Dept.

Time frame and
proposed time of Start

. 1 year lo implement

Immediate

Rationale

Immigrants put undue pressure on natural resources, especially by employ¬
ment and encroachments.

Key methods

Removal of the subsidy on ship fares for non locals.

Introduction of restricted area permits.

Design and implementation of monitoring mechanism

Fund requirement
and source

Integration with other
programmes/ plans

NIL

Conflict resolution

88

11 . 7 . Research on taxa

11. 7 . i. Research on little known mammals

Actions to be taken

• To survey little-known mammals island-wise

• Prepare island-wise check sheets of resident mammals.

Implementing agency

NGOs/JNRM

Time frame and
proposed time of start

3 years

Rationale

Endemic bats, shrews and rats based on imcomplcte surveys to date. Addi¬
tional surveys, especially for these taxa.

Key methods

Survey, collection, literature search.

Fund requirement
and source

40 lakhs

Integration with other
programmes/ ptans

Coordination with ZSI & ANLT.

Conflict resolution

NIL

ii. 7. 2 . Extension of botanical surveys

Actions to be taken

• To conduct botanical surveys ofTillanchong, Bompoka & Little Nicobar in
the Nicobar group; Ritchie’s Archipelago, and Cinque Island in the Andaman
group.

Implementing agency

Time frame and
proposed time of start

BSI

3 years

Rationale

Botanical surveys of islands still incomplete. Additional surveys likely to lead
to range extensions and/or new species.

Key methods

Survey, herbarium work

Fund requirement
and source

30 lakhs

Integration with other
programmes/ plans

Coordination with ongoing programmes involving research on medicinal
plants and wild cuHtvars.

Conflict resolution

NIL

ii. 7 . 3 . Medicinal plants of Little Andaman

Actions to be taken

• To collect, propagate and conduct tests on the medicinal plants of Little An¬
daman, as well as extend the knowledge of Onge ethno botany.

Implementing agency

BSI, CARI

Time frame and
proposed time of start

3 years

89

Rationale

Ethnobotany of Onges, Jarawas and Shompcns needs additional attention with
reference to medicinal plants.

Key methods

Stavesfrtste §§§|~ - ~— 7

Fund requirement
and source

Min. of Health/Medicinal Plants Board

50 lakhs

Integration with other
programmes? plans

CBR1,1CMR “ “ -

Conflict resolution

NIL

11 . 7 .4. Compilation of island-wise lists

Actions to be taken

* To compile island -wise lists of the flora of the islands using existing gath¬
ered material.

Implementing agency

BSI

Tans frame and
proposed time of start

Late 2005

6 months ^ „ ~ • .l 7

Rationale

To understand island biogeography and to identify existing gaps.

Key methods

Literature review ~ ~ Z ~. f 3TST — —

Fund requirement
and source

2 lakhs

Integration with other
programmes/ plans

Will help in planning future surveys

Can be done as thesis project by M.Sc. student from JNRM

Conflict resolution

NIL

ii. 7.5. Mangrove epiphytes

Actions to be taken * To study the epiphytic plants associated with mangroves.

Implementing agency

BSI/ Universities, JNRM (Department of Botany)

Time frame and
proposed time Of start

- ife?-: _ S ■! . -

Rationale

Mangroves in the islands are extremely rich in epiphytes. These plant commu¬
nities have never been characterized.

Key methods

Survey, herbarium work.

Fund requirement
and source

10 lakhs

MOEF

Integration with other
programmes/plans

Conflict resolution

NIL

90

11.7.6. Conservation of orchids

Actions to be taken

♦ Collection of orchids; in situ and cx situ conservation; revision of taxa

Implementing agency

BSI / NGO’s

time frame and
proposed time of start

3; years establishment

2005

Rationale

Orchids on felled trees are not salvaged. Collection of these at a centre for
cx-situ propagation and conservation is feasible.

Key methods

Teams for collection at each felling point; nursery work; tissue culture.

Fund requirement
and source

50 lakhs establishment

integration with other
'iKogjaMtwsi \tens

Orchid collection to be integrated into working plans of forest divisions.

Conflict resolution

NIL

11 .7.7. Phytochemistry of local medicinal plants

Actions to be taken

• Establish a laboratory to study the phytochemistry of plants, and to develop a
programme for the same

Implementing agency

BSI with NGO’s/ JNRM (Department of Chemistry and Department of

Botany).

nmsTrameana
proposed time of start

z years esiaoiisnmeni; ongoing

2005.

Rationale

New possibilities for medicinal use and nutritional use are emerging con¬
stantly. A mechanism to isolate the active ingredients and study on medicinal
plants is required locally.

Key methods

Construction; survey, chemical analysis

Fund requirement
and source

75 lakhs

Medicinal Plants Board

Integration with other
programmes/plans

Coordination with existing programmes researching medicinal plants.

Conflict resolution

NIL

91

ii. a. Multi-Sectoral

11.8.1. Establishment of a GIS Cell.

Actions to be taken

• Purchase <>f necessary hardware and software: workstation, AO scanner, AO

jninfes~§te;.;~ ' ~ - - - ,

• Purchase of Imageries on 6-mqnth basis

• Training of personnel to operate CIS Cell

• Execution of specific tasks , " V

Implementing agency

ANET - on BOT basis, and training

Forest. Dept., NRSA

DRDA, Agri. Dept., Fisheries dept. - users.

lime frame and
proposed time of start

IMMEDIATE, URGENT

2 years establishment

Ongoing A & N Dept. E &F. -

Rationale

The GIS Cell will enable:

Impact assessment of tourist sites

Mapping of forest areas.

Forest changes due to past logging

Bamboo and cane cultivation

Extent of beach loss

Agro forestry alternatives to agriculture

Identification of encroachments

Mapping of mangroves

Identification of wetlands

Identification of stepping-stones and wildlife corridors

Mapping of coral reef areas

Key methods

Training, field work, mapping, ground truth

Fund requirement
and source

60 lakhs establishment

20 lakhs annual running budget

.

integration with other
programmes/plans

While beginning has been made with the Forest dept, is, it is anticipated that
every Dept in the A & N Administration will be using this facility intensively.

Conflict resolution

This facility needs dedicated staff of at least a Unit Head at DCF level, and 3-
4 support staff. Its mandate normally would be to map the vegetation annually
and monitor changes. Other projects should be paid for by user Dept, to avoid
resource constraint.

To avoid conflict in the priorities of different departments, in case of clashing
priorities a resolution mechanism is required.

92

11.8.2. Establishment of pollution monitoring and Environmental Assessment mechanism

Actions to be taken

* Establishment water quality laboratory.

• Setting up of an E1A Cell with trained staff and equipment.

Implementing agency

Industries Dept., Pollution Control Committee,

Dept, of Environment & Forests

Tourism Dept.

CAR1 (Fisheries Science Division)

Timeframe and
proposed time of start

IMMEDIATE

Ongoing.

Rationale

Development activities that harm environments require assessment, using
water quality and ETA.

Key methods

Collection of samples, analysts, report preparation

Studies using F.IA methodology.

Fund requirement
and source

60 lakhs

Integration witf) other
programmes/ plans

NGO participation essential for credibility. Prerequisite to arty tourism
development. Prerequisite to any major construction by APWD, ALHW or
Defense.

Conflict resolution

There will be terrific pressure constantly from polluters to suppress results.
Ilencc NGO participation necessary.

11 .8. 3 . Strengthening the enforcement mechanism

Actions to be taken

• Recruitment of more protection staff by Forest dept.

• Purchase of high speed boats

• Purchase of, and training in use of GPS, at Forester level.

Implementing agency

Dept, of Environment & Forests.

Time frame and
proposed time of start

: IMMEDIATE, ONGOING

Rationale

GPS presents new possibilities for detailed, site-specific data collection.
Environmental threats need to be documented accurately, using all available
resource personnel.

■ - - " . .

-~~iSS9£s&IGSlaz£a^~---

Key methods

Recruitment, training, purchase

Fund requirement
and source

Boats: 4 crores

GPS : 50 lakhs initially

Integration with other
programmes/ plans

Training coordinated with Coast Guard, Police

Conflict resolution

NIL

93

11. 8 . 4 . Renewable alternatives

Actions to be taken

- * Departments to review and implement renewable alternatives such as wind
energy, novel construction materials, rainwater harvesting, biopestieides,
cash crops that do not use pesticides, and the sustainable of eco-tourism.

Implementing agency

Electricity Dept., APWD, Agriculture Dept., IP&T, Forest Dept., DRDA.

Time frame and
proposed time of start

immediate

Ongoing

Rationale

Actions will reduce energy usage and reduce long-term impacts on biodiver¬
sity'. Such actions would also reduce energy impacts, reduce timber use and
preserve beaches.

Introduction of these concepts as the first priority in the planning stages of all
programmes.

Fund requirement
and source

Departmental budgets.

Integration with Other
programmes/ plans

Representatives from each dept, can meet twice a year to discuss new imtia
lives, along with NGO’s.

Conflict resolution

Pressure from contractors and business interests

11 . 9 . Environment and forests

ii. 9. i. Direction, administration and management

• Establishment of an effective communication network (VHF & HF)

• Establishment of Local Area Network

Actions to be taken

• Establishment of GIS Cell (sec. 11.8.1, above)

• Establishment of MIS

• Procurement of arms, boats, vehicles for effective communication and pro-

tection

Implementing agency

Dept, of Environment and Forests

Time frame and
proposed time of start

5 years. 2005 onwards

Rationale

Needed for effective protection of forests and transparent & efficient admin¬
istration.

Key methods

Training. Procurement

Fund requirement
and source

Rs. 1016 lakhs. Plan scheme (X 5-year plan)

integration with other
programmes/ plans

Integrated with the Centrally Sponsored Scheme on forest protection

Conflict resolution

NIL

94

ii. 9. 2. Silvicultural Research

Actions to be taken

• Ongoing projects:

• Assessment of regeneration status of logged areas

• Introduction trials of solid/ thick walled bamboos

• Genetic improvement ofPadauk

• Genetic improvement of Casuarina

• Studies on seed biology and phenology of important species

• Proposed in the next five years:

• Biofertilizer trials in important species

• Macro propagation of important tree species

• Comparative study of selection system vs. irregular sheiterwood system

• Development of agro forestry models

• Regeneration and development of medicinal and aromatic plants

Conflict resolution

NIL

95

11.9.4. Natural Regeneration and Enrichment of forests

ii. 9. 5. Forest Settlement and Consolidation

Implementing agency Dept, of Environment and Forests

Rationale

Needed for regeneration of forests and their enrichment with species required
for local use.

Key methods

Planting operations

Fund requirement
and source

Rs. £45 lakhs. Plan scheme (X 5-year plan)

Conflict resolution NIL

Rationale

Key methods

Fund requirement
and source

i _a_ - r .t; - „ ,.,;«s, .ik.,

integration wtot orner

programmes/ plans

Conflict resolution

■ Survey and demarcation of forest boundaries
• Completion of forest settlement process

’ Creation of a Land Cell

■ Fstahhshment of a Forest Land Records System

> Reconciliation of revenue records with forest notifies

■ HRD for forest boundary management 1:1

Dept, of Environment and Forests

5 years. 2005 onwards

Needed for effective protection of forests and efficient forest management

Training, Procurement

Rs. 145 lakhs, Plan scheme (X 5-year plan)

Implementing agency

NIL

programmes/plans

Actions to be taken

• Aided natural regeneration of areas already harv ested

96

ii. 9.6. Forest Resources Survey and Working Plan

Actions to be taken

* Revision of the Working Plans of ail the forest divisions as per the directions
of the Supreme Court

Implementing agency

Dept, of Environment and Forests

Time frame and
proposed time of start

5 years. 2005 onwards

Rationale

The forests arc required to be worked multiple use- to meet the timber and
NTFP requirements of the local population and the environmental require¬
ments. Working Plan is a prerequisite for working in any forest area.

Key methods

Survey and enumeration

Fund requirement
and source

Rs. 205 lakhs, Plan scheme (X 5-year plan)

Integration with other
programmes/ plans

3T - r ~ ’ ~ - —3 <

1 -

Conflict resolution

NIL

ii. 9.7. Harvesting and Development of Non-timber Forest Produce

• Estimation of availabihtv of canes and bamboos m the forests

Actions to be taken

• Raising of cane and bamboo plantations

• ° .......... .......

• Raising of medicinal plants

• Vanilla cultivation

Implementing agency

Dept, of Environment and Forests

Time frame and
proposed time of start

5 years. 2005 onwards

Rationale

Non-timber forest produce are required to meet routine local requirement, t he
solid bamboos are required for structural needs of the rural population, and to
reduce the pressure on the forests for bailies and posts.

Key methods

Survey and enumeration, plantation

Fund requirement
and source

Rs. 440 lakhs, Plan scheme (X 5-year plan)

Integration with other

Dept.

Conflict resolution

NIL

97

ii. 9.8. Social Forestry, Agro forestry and Extension Forestry

Actions to be taken

• Raising of plantations on non-forest land, viz., roadside, barren land, coni-

mnsify land, agricultural land " — - -- - 5 _ ~r

’ SeaHii^jdMpwtton to public .

• Extension and publicity to create environmental awareness.

• Funding activities of the National Green (lorps in 100 schools

Implementing agency

Dept, of Environment and Forests

Time frame and
proposed time of start

5 years. 2005 onwards

Rationale

Need for awareness environmental and forest protection. Plantations on non-
forest land to reduce pressure on forest.

Key methods

Raising of plantations, conducting awareness creation programmes for school
children and public. Publicity programmes through AIR. Doordarshan, local
media, etc. -

Fund requirement
and source

Rs. 506 lakhs, Plan scheme (X 5-year plan)

Integration with other
programmes/ plans

Agri. Dept.

Conflict resolution

NIL

11.9.9. Forest Utilization

Actions to be taken

• Harvesting of 15000 cum of timber to meet the local needs

Implementing agency

Dept, of Environment and Forests

Time frame and
proposed time of start

5 years. 2005 onwards

Rationale

Key methods

Fund requirement
and source

Integration with other

Wooden structures in ANI require maintenance. Timber is renewable resource
use, high-input cement concrete structure requiring damaging mining activi¬
ties.

Reduced impact logging

Rs. 1840 lakhs, Plan scheme (X 5-year plan)

programmes/ plans

Conflict resolution

NIL

98

ii. 9. io. Biodiversity, Wildlife Conservation and Eco-development

Actions to be taken

• Identification and establishment of new protected areas.

• Consolidation of existing PAs.

• Strengthening of infrastructure with wildlife wing by procurement of arms,
vehicles, vessels, communication equipment and construction of huildings.

« Establ ishment of Biological Park.

Implementing agency

Dept, of Environment and Forests

Time frame and
proposed time of start

5 years. 2005 onwards

Rationale

The wildlife wing is understaffed with limited infrastructure for effective
conservation of biodiversity, especially for PAs.

Key methods

Procurement, Construction, Training

Fund requirement
and source

Rs. 1680 lakhs. Plan scheme (X 5-ycar plan)

Integration with other
programmes/ plans

• : :: • cv. ■ '

Conflict resolution

NIL

ii. 9. ii. Improvement of Government Saw Mills

Actions to be taken

• Procurement of machinery

• Renovation of old structures and machinery

• Augmenting facilities foi timber treatment

Implementing agency

Dept, of Environment and Forests

Time frame and
proposed time of start

5 years. 2005 onwards

Rationale

The Govt, saw mills arc outdated and require replacement. Timber treatment
will reduce timber demand.

Key methods

: Procurement:

Fund requirement
and source

Rs. 612 lakhs, Plan scheme (X 5-year plan)

Integration with other

programmes/ plans

.. ' - -

Conflict resolution

NIL

99

ii. 9.12. Protection of forests and coastal ecosystem

Actions to betaken

• Procurement of trucks, jeeps, arms and I mi boats

• Improvement of communication system

Implementing agency

Dept, of Environment and Forests

Time frame anti
proposed time of start

5 years. 2005 onwards ~ ~ ’' ' ~ T' .

Rationale

Additional department resources needed for effective protection, in light of
increasing pressures on forest and coastal ecosystems.

Key methods

Procurement

Fund requirement
and source

Rs. 550 lakhs, Plan scheme (X 5-year plan)

tniegrafaon will) other
programmes/ plans

Coast Guard, Navy and Police

Conflict resolution

NIL

ii. 9.13. Conservation of mangroves

Actions to be taken

• Survey of mangrove areas to identify degraded locations

♦ Planting of mangroves in the degraded patches

Implementing agency

Dept, of Environment and Forests

proposed time of start

5 years. 2005 onwards

Rationale

Conservation of mangroves essential for coastline and marine life protection.

Conflict resolution

NIL

100

ii. 9. i4. Research on coral reefs

Actions io be taken

• Survey, delineation of coral reefs; measurement of land based impacts

Implementing agency

JNRM/NGOVWII/CARI

Time frame and

Immediate

proposed time of start

5 year's

Baseline information on distribution and abundance of corals, including new

Rationale

species, is lacking. Detrimental effects on corals require documentation and
remediation.

Key methods

Survey, monitoring, analysis of water samples.:

Fund requirement
and source

5 crores /UNDP

integration with other
programmes/plans

Inputs from this project will be used by the Agriculture Dept, for better land
use planning; by IP 1 to promote new areas for tourism m a sustainable fash¬
ion.

Conflict resolution

NIL

n. 9 . 15 . Eco-tourism

Actions to be taken

• Procurement of camping equipment, boats, glass bottom boats for develop¬
ment of ecotourism

Implementing agency

Dept, of Environment and Forests

' - • : : ' tv /'/ ' : : ' :

'proposed time of start

5 years. 2005 onwards

The islands offer tremendous scope for low-volume high value ecotourism

Rationale

which will help in generation of employment and revenue as well as help in
the appreciation of nature and education.

Key methods

Procurement

Fund requirement
and source

Rs. 335.50 lakhs. Plan scheme (X 5-year plan)

integration with other
programmes/ plans

Tourism dept.

Conflict resolution

NIL

12. Annexures

12. i. Appendix 1: “Order of Supreme Court dated 7 May, 2002 &
Recommendations of Shekhar Singh Commission”

ORDER

After hearing the learned Amicus Curiae, counsel for the parties and taking into consideration
the affidavit of the Union of India - Ministry of Environment and Forests in relation to survey
of ecosystem of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the learned Amicus Curiae has made certain
suggestions.

There does not seem to be any objection to this Court in accepting the Report of Shri. Shekhar
Singh that some modifications have been suggested. Wc therefore, in the first instance,, accept
the Report of Shri. Shekhar Singh.

On a query being raised by us, Mr. Altaf Ahmed, learned Additional Solicitor General, ap¬
pearing for The Union Territory of Andaman & Nicobar Islands on instructions informed the
Court that there is no social forestry in Andaman & Nicobar Islands. The wood which is being
cut is from the natural forest and plantation of teak, etc. has taken place in the forest, which had
been worked and approximating 40,000 cubic metres of wood is cut from the forest annually for
the purposes of the small mills the total logging of wood being approximately 1,30,000 cubic
metres per year. In the last two years, this figure has come down but the fact remains that instead
of resorting to social forestry and thereby providing employment to the people in growing forest
at the present moment the natural forests are being cut and the timber sawn.

Andaman & Nicobar Islands is one of the hot spots and is- in the cco-fragilc area and has,
therefore, the cco-diversity thereby has to be preserved. For this, it is essential that the natural
forest is protected and re-generation allowed to take place.

We are also informed that the existing saw-mills have a subsisting license valid till 30th
March, 2003. The saw-mills and the other wood-based industries in the Andaman & Nicobar
Islands are not permitted to cut the trees and supplies to them are made only by the Government
itself or through its Corporation. Some of these saw-mills and industries have logs of wood and
sawn timber in their stock. It would therefore be iniquitous to deprive them of an opportunity to
utilize the stock for which payment has been made to the Government for the purchase of wood.
However, it is to be borne in mind that fresh logging of wood must cease immediately.

After taking all facts and circumstances into consideration, we issue the following direc¬
tions:

1. All felling of frees from the forest of little Andaman Islands, the national park and sanctuar¬
ies, the tribal reserves and all other areas shall stand suspended.

2. For the areas in which there are working plans, the Government through the Chief Secre¬
tary shall disclose on an affidavit -

I. The extent of felling and re-generation permitted under these working plans during the
last 10 years.

II. The compliance with re-gcncration/re-plantation/re-forestation targets under the work¬
ing plans and reasons if any for the shortfall.

3. The working plan of the Andaman & Nicobar Islands should be rc-workcd on the basis as
was applied to the State of M.R and others, namely that before any felling of trees, there
should first be compulsory afforestation/re-generation, the felling permissions would be
based upon the extent of rc-generation of forest undertaken and not the other way round.

102

4. No felling of tree (under the working plan or otherwise) shall be permitted for meeting
any raw' material requirements of the plywood, veneer, blaek board, match stick or any
other wood-based industry.

5. Tn drawing up the new working plans the Government shall formulate a Committee wdth
one Ecologist who is proficient with the ecology of Andaman.

6. The working plans so formulated shall be placed before this Court within a period of
twelve weeks.

7. The trees felled under the working plan in the manner indicated aforesaid should be uti¬
lized for the requirements of the local inhabitants.

8. The licenses of all the saw-mills and wood-based industries shall not be renew'ed after 31 st
March, 2003. This will not debar the authorities from canceling licenses in accordance with
law, if there is no breach of the License Committee by the Licensees before that date.

9. The ecology of the area does not pennit any kind of industrial activity for which the wood
is likely to be consumed. Therefore, licenses of wood-based industries shall stand can¬
celled but they will be permitted to exhaust the existing stock till 31st March, 2003.

10. The Union of India if it so adopts and thinks appropriate may take steps for re-locating the
dislocated wood-based industries in the main land area anywhere in India as long as it is
not within the vicinity of forest area. Henceforth for meeting the local requirements it is
only the Government saw-mills which shall operate. No fresh wood or logs shall be given
to any of the saw-mills or the w ood-based industries till fresh working plans are prepared
and submitted to this Court and the approval obtained.

11. With immediate effect, there will be no movement of logs or timber in any form including
sawn timber from Andaman & Nicobar Islands to any part of India or anywhere else.

12. Regularization of encroachments on forest land in any form, including allotment/use of
forest land for agricultural or horticultural purposes, shall be strictly prohibited.

13. All those families who have been identified as having encroached on forest land prior
to 1978 and have not yet shifted to their allotted rehabilitation sites, shall be given one
month’s notice to vacate their encroachments and shift to the allotted land. Failing this,
their allotment shall be cancelled and they shall be forcibly evicted w'ithin three months of
the deadline being over, without any further claim to land or any other form of rehabilita¬
tion. Such notices should be issued within six weeks.

14. Similarly, those among the pre-1978 families that have shifted to their allotted sites but
have occupied more land than they were entitled to shall also be given one month’s notice
to vacate the extra land occupied by them. On the expiry of this notice period, the allot¬
ments of ihosc who have not complied w'itli this notice shall be cancelled and they should
be forcibly evicted within three months, without any further claim to compensation or
land. Such notices should be issued within six weeks.

15. All post 1978 forest encroachments shall be completely removed within three months.

16. For the eviction of encroachers, an effective action plan shall be prepared and implement¬
ed under direct supervision, monitoring and control of a Committee under the Chairman¬
ship of the Lt. Governor with Chief Secretary, Principal Chief Conservator of Forests and
reputed NGO representatives, its members. The Chief Secretary, Andaman & Nicobar
Islands, shall file every month an affidavit about progress of eviction of encroachments.

17. The process of issue of identity cards to all the residents shall be completed within a pe¬
riod of six months.

18. The extraction of sand shall be phased out @ minimum 20% per year on reducing balance
basis to bring the sand mining to the level of 33% of the present level of mining w'ithin a
maximum period of 5 years.

19. The approvals accorded by Ministry of Environment & Forests under the Forest (Con¬
servation) Act, 1980, shall be reviewed by a Committee consisting of Secretary, Envi-

103

ronment & Forests, Director General of Forests and at least one non-official member
of the Forest Advisory Committee constituted under the Forest (Conservation) Rules
to restrict the approvals to the barest minimum needed to serve emergent public pur¬
poses. Felling of trees shall commence only after the process of compensatory af¬
forestation has actually been undertaken on the ground. Tn future, the proposals shall
be considered for approval only after detailed Environmental Impact Assessment has
been carried out through an independent agency identified by Ministry of Environ¬
ment & Forests.

20. Specific actions shall be undertaken by Ministry of Environment & Forests/Andaman &
Nicobar Islands Administration on the other recommendations of Shri. Shekhar Singh
Report which are not specifically dealt with in above orders. Ministry of Environment
& forests and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands Administration shall file an affidavit
within three months giving details of action taken by them on each of such recommen¬
dations.

Copy of this order to be sent by the Registry to the Chief Secretary, Andaman & Nicobar'Islands
for information and compliance.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Felling of trees and collection of non-timber forest produce (NTFP)' should be banned
from the forests of Little Andaman Island and all tribaL reserves except for (i) collec¬
tion of NTFP from already worked forests of Little Andaman and from forest areas
designated for the purpose in the Nieobar group of Islands, for meeting the legitimate
consumption of local inhabitants; and (ii) collection of timber and other forest produce
by tribals living within tribal reserves for meeting their bonafide needs.

2. Harvesting of alt forest produce including timber and NTFP should be completely pro¬
hibited from National Parks and sanctuaries.

3. In addition to areas covered under 1 & 2 above, no felling of trees should be allowed in
any unworked forest area, i.e., area where felling of trees as per working plans, working
schemes, felling schemes or approved working plans, has not taken place earlier. There
should also be no diversion of forestland from any such unworked area or from areas
covered under 1 and 2 above, without the specific orders of the Supreme Court.

4. No felling of trees for whatsoever reasons or justification should be carried out to supply
to, or to meet the raw material requirement of plywood, veneer, blackboard, match stick
or any other such wood based units except to local small-scale units (including saw
mills) solely for meeting the local requirement for sawn timber and other wood based
products.

5. For meeting the timber and other forest produce requirements of inhabitants of the ANI,
felling of trees from forest areas not covered under 1, 2 & 3 above, i.e., forest area
worked earlier in accordance with working plans, working schemes, felling schemes or
approved working plan and excluding areas falling within national parks, sanctuaries,
tribal reserves, or Little Andaman, may be allowed. Such felling may be undertaken as
per prescriptions of the working plans approved by the MoEF. These plans should also
contain action plans for removing, in a phased manner, trees of commercial species that
arc in number or concentration in excess of what is found in a natural forest of the same
type and similar location. Concurrently, efforts should be made to bring back the forest
to its natural profile by encouraging/ reintroducing those species of fauna and flora that
naturally occurred in these forests prior to their being “converted”. The working plan

104

should also contain sufficient provisions for regeneration of felled areas. In accordance
with an earlier Supreme Court order of 22 nd September 2000, felling of trees should be
allowed only if sufficient financial provisions for implementing the working plan pre¬
scriptions have been made.

6 . In the meanwhile, the present ban on felling of trees may be continued and the local re¬
quirement of timber and other forest produce may be met by utilizing the already felled
trees and sawn timber lying with the forest department and the ANIFPDC.

7. Once the stock of already felled trees and sawn timber is depicted, the local requirement
of timber should be met, as far as possible, by harvesting the monoculture and mixed
plantations of padauk, gurjan, teak and other species. The felling of trees from already
worked natural forest, as specified in 5 above, should be undertaken only to meet the bal¬
ance requirement. However, if the local requirement of timber and other forest produce
is more than what could be obtained by felling of plantations and sustainably extracting
trees from worked areas, as specified in 5 above, the same may be met by bringing timber
in from other parts of the country. Under no circumstances should the ovct harvesting of
the forest available for felling under Para 5 above be permitted or undertaken.

8 . There should be no expansion of monoculture or commercial plantations on forestland.
The existing plantations of oil palm, rubber and teak are reportedly no longer viable
and should be phased out. The land so released should, in so far as it is forestland, be
regenerated as specified earlier. Consequently, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands For¬
est Plantation and Development Corporation Ltd. (ANIFPDC) should be wound up as
it was primarily set up to promote commercial forestry and plantations, especially in
Little Andaman.

9. At the same time, efforts should be made to reduce the level of demand for timber and
for firewood. For the purpose, the A & N Administration should investigate and im¬
plement methods of achieving this, including the conversion to the wood and bamboo
based “Assam type” constructions, which is both less timber intensive, and safer in
earthquakes, than the present all-timber or RCC buildings.

10. There should be a complete ban on the establishment of any new wood based unit for
the next 10 years.

11. All existing small-scale wood based units (saw mills) should be relocated within indus¬
trial estates or, where industrial estates are not feasible, in locations contiguous to forest
offices or otherwise convenient for the forest department to monitor. This relocation
should be completed within one year, after which the non-complying saw mills should
be closed down. These saw mills should also be required to obtain a license from the
ANI Forest Department within three months and to maintain such records as may be
prescribed by the forest department. Their license may be renewed every year at the
discretion of the ANI Forest Department, after the department has satisfied itself that
a) the unit was not involved in the use of any illegal timber; b) the prescribed records
were properly maintained; c) all provisions of the act, rules and the terms and condi¬
tions stipulated by the forest department from time to time have been complied with.
Necessary rules, guidelines etc., for the purpose, should be prescribed by the forest
department within three months.

12. No subsidy of any type, including transport subsidy, should be given to any wood based unit.

13. Existing medium and large scale wood based industries (including plywood, veneer,
and match industries) can be allowed to function provided they import their entire re¬
quirement of wood and other forest based raw materials from the mainland or from
abroad. No subsidies should be allowed to them.

14. No timber, either as logs or as sawn timber or plywood/veneer, or in any other form,
should be transported out of the Islands through any means whatsoever. This should

not, however, inhibit the transportation, as personal baggage, of a reasonable quantity of
wooden handicrafts by tourists or of personal articles by those permanently leaving the
islands. Also, where a wood based industry, as specified in 13 above, imports its entire
wood and forest based raw material requirement, then it should be permitted to export
its finished product.

15. All timber, bamboo and cane used for construction and requiring treatment in order to
extend its durability and life, should be so treated and the administration should en¬
sure that requisite capacity to treat all such timber is in position within a period of six
months. After the expiry of this period, no timber, bamboo or cane of the type requiring
treatment should be sold for use in building and construction activities, or used for such
purpose, unless it has been appropriately treated.

16. Any further regularization of encroachments on forestland in any from, including allotment/
use of forestland for agricultural or horticultural purposes, should be strictly prohibited.

17. All those families who have been identified as having encroached on forest land prior
to 1978 and have not yet shifted to their allotted rehabilitation sites, should be given
three months notice to vacate their encroachments and shift to the allotted land. Failing
this, their allotment should be cancelled and they should be forcibly evicted within three
months of the deadline being over, without any further claim to land or any other form
of rehabilitation.

18. Similarly, those among the pre-1978 families that have shifted to their allotted sites but
have occupied more land than they were entitled to, should also be given three months
notice to vacate the extra land occupied by them. On the expiry of this notice period,
the allotments of those who have not complied with this notice should be cancelled and
they should be forcibly evicted within three months, without any further claim to com¬
pensation or land.

19. All post 1978 forest encroachments should be completely removed forthwith and, in any
case, within six months. Post 1978 encroaehers (except for foreign nationals) should be
allotted homesteads in revenue land and training and opportunity for self-employment
or for other types of livelihood activities provided.

20. The forest officials in the ANI should be given requisite powers to do this, including:

a. Power of summary eviction of encroachments: As in the case of Madhya Pradesh vide
Section 80A, IFA, 1927.

b. Magisterial powers to Assistant Conservator of forests: The Assistant Conservator of
Forests should be appointed as executive magistrates/ special executive magistrates
in order to oversee the evictions carried out by the Range Officers on receipt of or¬
ders of eviction from the estate officers.

21. For the purpose, an effective action plan should be prepared and implemented under di¬
rect supervision, monitoring and control of a committee comprising of the Lt. Governor.
Chief Secretary, Principal Chief Conservator of Forests of ANI, and reputed local NGO
representatives. The Chief Secretary, ANI, may be asked to file a monthly progress re¬
port in the Supreme Court,

22. In order to prevent any further encroachments and rampant immigration, the Adminis¬
tration should, within three months, regulate the entry of people to the islands by having
the Islands declared as an inner line area and by imposing relevant restrictions under
section 3 and other provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986. In accord¬
ance with this, non-residents entering the islands should have to invariably register
themselves so that those who do not return to the mainland within a reasonable time can
be traced and, where they have illegally encroached on land, can be evicted from these
encroachments at the earliest. In addition, entry to the more vulnerable and forested
areas of the Islands should be restricted.

106

23. Once this regulation is in position, the administration should in a time bound manner
issue identify cards to all the residents so that there is no gap in the period of identifi¬
cation and issuance of ID cards. This would ensure that fresh illegal encroachers are
easily identified. Subsidised travel to the Islands should, once identity cards have been
issued, be available only to bonafide residents of the Islands.

24. Divisional Forest Officers and, where relevant, village protection committees, as de¬
scribed later, should be made responsible for prevention, early detection and quick evic¬
tion of new forest encroachers.

25. The forest department should be strengthened and appropriate village institutions set up
for the purpose, as detailed later

26. The Andaman Trunk Road should be closed to all vehicular traffic from Miletilak in
South Andaman to the northern boundary of the South Andaman Island. Similarly, it
should be closed to all traffic from Kadamtala (corresponding to Prolobjig camp No.3)
in Middle Andaman upto Kaushalya Nagar (corresponding to Prolobjig camp No.15).
This should be done within three months. Further, no person except for the Jarawas
living in the Reserve should be allowed to enter the Reserve by any means unless he/
she is permitted by the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, and the Secretary, Tribal
Welfare, ANI Administration, and no such permission should be granted unless the per¬
son is proceeding on bonafide w r ork related to the welfare of the tribals or the protection
of the area.

27. The felling of 27 trees for the 33 KV transmission line from Bamboo Flat to Minnie
Bay, and 17 trees for construction of rural road from Adajig to Flat Bay Village should
be pennitlcd as a one-time relaxation, as these projects are already in their final stages,
a small number of trees are involved and, reportedly, necessary clearances had been
obtained from the MoEF prior to the Supreme Court’s order of 10.01.01. However,
all other proposals or clearances under the Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980 or the
Environment (Protection) Act of 1986, where diversion of land or felling of trees or
other activities that would have an impact on the environment, are still to be undertaken,
should be put up for review by the Supreme Court.

28. For the conservation and protection of the forests and other ecosystems, an effective
action plan should be prepared by the ANI Forest Department, in consultation with lo¬
cal NGOs and experts. This plan should also envisage a suitable enhancement of the
protected area network (PAN), especially in the main island of the Andaman and in the
Nicobar Group. All unworked forest areas in Diglipur, Mayabunder, Middle Andamans
and Baratang should be made into national parks, leaving a buffer belt between the
national park boundary and the edge of revenue settlements, for protection by village
protection committees. In addition, there should be a consolidation of the nearly hun¬
dred small island parks and sanctuaries and they should be constituted into viable units
encompassing the marine areas surrounding them. This plan, after being approved by
the MoEF, should be strictly implemented. The necessary funds, vehicles, equipments,
human power, police help and legal power required for the effective implementation of
this action plan should be made available by the ANI administration.

29. Appropriate regulations under existing Acts like the Environment (Protection) Act of
1986, with similar objectives as The Delhi Preservation of Trees Act, 1994, currently in
force in the Union Territory of Delhi, should be set in place in ANI, within six months,
to regulate the felling of trees on non-forest land.

30. The Forest Department should be immediately strengthened in order to be able to ef¬
fectively prevent poaching.

31. Forest Officers should be given adequate powers, under the Indian Forest Act of 1927 (IFA)
as has been done in other states, to meet the threat of poaching. These could include:

107

a. Power of confiscation: as provided for vide Section 52,52A, 52B and 52CIFA, 1927
in Bihar, Section 52Aand 52B in Himachal Pradesh, Section 52, 52A, 52B, and 52C
in Madhya Pradesh, Section 62A to 61G of Goa, Section 61A to Section 62G of
Gujarat, and Section 61Ato 61G of Maharashtra.

b. Increase in the limit fixed for amount of compensation for trees under section 68(3)
IFA, 1927: The present limit of Rs. 50 is required to he increased to Rs. 10000/- as
in Goa.

32. A co-ordination mechanism should be set up where the forest department, the civil
administration, the Coast Guard and the Combined Defence Command in ANI can take
coordinated action against poachers, especially against foreign poachers.

33. No exotic species of fauna or flora should be introduced into the islands. Accordingly, a
suitable set of guidelines and procedures should be developed for the purpose.

34. A time bound action plan should be drawn up to deal with the exotics already on the
island, including weeds, and their removal/ eradication should be taken up on a war
footing, including the translocation of elephants back to the mainland and the inhibition
of breeding, by deer, by darting the alpha males with anti-fertility drugs, as has been
successfully tried in other countries.

35. The practice of distributing timber and NTFP free to settlers should be discontinued.
Instead, rural populations should be formed into village forest protection committees
and, as per the joint forest protection norms prevalent in other parts of the country, the
amount of timber and NTFP required by village communities should be given to them
on the basis of a memorandum of understanding, in return for their role in protecting the
forests adjacent to their settlements and in delecting and preventing encroachments.

36. Government departments, including defences and PWD, should be supplied fuel wood
and other required forest produce by the forest department and should not be permitted
to directly collect these from the forests.

37. Concurrent efforts should be made to minimize demand for forest-based resources. The
Administration should encourage the use of sawdust as fuel, as is the practice in many
other parts of the country. They should also investigate the possibility of replacing fire¬
wood as a domestic fuel by gas and consider giving a one-time subsidy for the purchase
of gas stoves and cylinders to the poor rural population. Adequate supply of LPG to the
Islands should be ensured on a priority basis.

38. The extraction of sand should be phased out and no further extension should be granted
after the current extension is over on 30 September 2002.

39. As already mentioned earlier, alternate material for construction, including treated bam¬
boo and soft woods, should be encouraged as this is less damaging to the environment
and safer in case of an earth quake. Stone dust should be utilized where use of concrete
is essential.

40. No concrete or permanent infrastructure for tourism should be built on any forest
area in the Islands. Tourist activities in forest areas should be restricted to tented
accommodation or temporary wooden/ prefabricated structures that can be disman¬
tled easily and moved to another side. These areas should remain under the control
of the forest department who should be responsible for ensuring that the quantum
and type of tourism is such that it docs not in any way degrade the forests or other
ecosystems.

41. A proper eco-fricndly tourism plan should be developed for the Islands within one year.
This plan should also do an economic and a distributional analysis to highlight how
tourism can make a net contribution to the economy of the Islands and how the eco¬
nomic benefits can be equitably distributed among the various segments of the local
society and generate local employment.

108

42. Such a plan must be in conformity with the requirement for conserving the ecological
and cultural integrity of the Islands and not pose a security threat to this strategically
important area.

43. The forest department and the administration of ANI should make public at the begin¬
ning of each year the proposed uses of natural resources, including forests. This detailed
information specifying, among other things, uses, locations, quantum, purpose and us¬
ers, and giving details of the basis on which these decisions have been made, should be
published in the local newspapers and also made available on web site to be maintained
for the purpose by the administration. At the end of each year, actual use, deviations
from the proposals and the reasons thereof, must also be similarly made public.

44. The various forest working plans/ protected area management plans should also be
made accessible to the public, as soon as they are approved. Copies should be kept at
all public libraries and other accessible places in the Islands. In addition, copies should
be freely made available to the general public, on demand, after charging actual costs of
photocopying.

45. All officers of the administration, including forest officers, should undergo an orienta¬
tion training of at least five days, every three years, to acquaint themselves with the
ecological characteristics of the Islands and the options available for their economic
development in an environmentally and socially sustainable manner. Officers being
posted from the mainland to these islands should be so oriented within three months of
their posting.

46. The Government of India and the ANI Administration should consider setting up an
Island Development Institute in ANI, that can become a center of research, training and
education for managing island and coastal ecosystems in a sustainable manner. This
institute could not only cater to national needs but, over time, also become a regional
institution. A proposal to the effect already exists and was submitted to the IDA many
years back. It can be suitably modified and considered.

47. There are many areas that need to be properly researched and many problems that need
innovative solutions. These include:

a. An assessment of the ecological differences between worked and unworked forests.

b. Methods of returning the worked and encroached forests to their natural state.

c. Methods of further working forests in a manner that minimizes impact on biodiversity
and the environment.

d. Methods to conserve soil and water.

e. Feasibility of generating energy through non-conventional methods, including wind
and tidal energy.

f. Methods of treating garbage and other pollutants, thereby protecting the coastal and
marine environment from degradation.

g. Methods of using alternate building materials that are environmentally friendly and
sustainable.

109

12 . 2 . Appendix 2: AN I Site-Specific threats

Area

Threats

Consequences

Actions necessary

Nicobars

(General)

Hunting

Mcgapode, Pigeons & fruit

Bat population aifcctcd

Ban sale & use of
air guns in AN I.

: :g.

FD infrastrac
ture inadequate

Mobility and ability to enforce
Wildlife laws impaired

Purchase of fast :
boats; posting of ad¬
ditional patrol staff

Poaching by foreign boaLs

Loss of marine resources

As above

Sand mining

Loss of manna turtle habt-

Enforcement & reduce use

tat & coastal lorest

Ban and enforcement

Great Nicobar
Island

Immigration pressures
from non-tribals

Deforestation, social conflicts
between tribals and non-tribals.

of Protection of Abo¬
riginal Tribes Regula-
tionAct, 1956

Crop raiding by macaques

Human-Wildlife conflict leading to
killing of macaques, loss of crop

Research methods to
reduce Crop raiding

Uncheeked popula¬
tion growth

Resource crunch and water scar¬
city, reduction of Biosphere area

Planned growth

Increased tourism & more

ffllWllB!

Rebuilding of East West
road year after year.

access to Shompens, erosion
and sedimentation of streams,
wasteful expenditure.

Abandonment of this plan

Katchal

Proposed road

Will destroy last remnant for¬
est as well as reduce popula¬
tion of northern subspecies
of Nicobar Mcgapode

Insufficient details
available; Abandon¬
ment of this plan.

Poaching of marine resources
by foreign poachers

Tillancbong

Overseas Poachers

Monitoring and policing

Car N icobar

Dumping of garbage by
passing ships observed

Marine pollution observed
leading to damage of reefs

Marine Act to be
enforced strictly

Little

Andaman

ANPATR, 1956 to be ■

Onge Reserve

turtle beaches affected.

strictly implemented.

Hunting of the Andaman
Wild Pig by settlers

Decline in population and
non availability of wild pig
for the Onge people

Monitoring of the Reserve,
posting of additional staff

Poaching of tim-

Destruction of pristine forest

Monitoring of the Reserve,

her resources

posting of additional staff

“Great” Anda¬
man group

Browsing by chital

Regeneration of forests seriously
affected; species diversity reduced

Eradication/ Culling

Hunting of the Anda-

Major decline in population and

Monitoring of the Reserve,
posting of additional staff

man Wild Pig

deputation Jarawa food source

to monitor wet coast

Reduced Agricul¬
tural productivity

Lower income to residents

Agro forestry initia¬
tives to be launched

Over harvesting outside and

Closed season to be

in protected areas to cater
to the export markets for

Reduction catch, evident reduction
in availability and sizes caught

enforced, management
and harvesting regimes

Wm.

reef fishes crab and lobster

to be applied urgently

Fishermen preferen¬
tially hurling shark

Shark populations declining

Enforcement of Fishing

Rules: dosed season and
shark as by catch only

"CirAt" Anda¬
man group

Inappropriate agricultural
practices; declining yields

Pollution due to fertilizers and
pesticides; this and siitation
lead to damage to coral reels

Phasing out rice fanning by
encouraging agio forestry.

110

Introduction of exotics

Damage to trees (elephant);
reduction of regeneration (chitai);
competition with endemics for
nesting sites (mynahs); destruction
of sea turtles and nests (Feral dogs)

Programme to eliminate
all exotics; steps to prevent
any new exotic being
brought into the islands.

Sand mining and hunt-

swags

Rutland

mg wild pig Andaman
teal and marine turtles

Coastal erosion, species loss, loss

Effective enforce-

Feral dogs menace

South

Andaman

“Jarawa” tourism ill
spite of Administration
ban, hunting within the
reserve for pig and deer

Cullural contamination of

Jarawa & depletion of their
resources, learning of inap¬
propriate dietary habits

Effective enforce¬
ment of law

Opening up of Man-

Increased pressure on MGMNP

Environmental Impact
Assessment to be done

Encroachment of protected
areas continues unabated
eg. Loha Barrack

Loss of habitat, Water scarcity

Effective enforce¬
ment of law

South

Andaman

Port C ampbell and other
areas along the west coast
has become fishermen and
poachers camping site

Conflicts, Cultural contami¬
nation of .Tarawa, learning of
inappropriate dietary habits
and loss of their resources.

Effective enforce¬
ment oflaw

Baralang

Middle

Andaman

leak plantations, poach¬
ing and Sand mining

“Tarawa” tourism, poaching

Water scarcity, species loss, loss of
nesting habitat for marine turtles

Cultural contamination of Jarawa;
learning of inappropriate dietary
habits, species loss and deple¬
tion of resources for the jarawa

Regeneration of evergreen
forests, reduction ol sand
mining and sand use

■ . ■... •

men! of law

Flat Island

Becoming a fisher¬
man camp site

Cultural contamination of

Jarawa; learning of inap¬
propriate dietary habits

Effective enforce¬
ment of law

MGMNP

Oil spill from boats

Damage to corals and beaches

Marine Act to be
enforced strictly

Tourist damage to corals

Damage to coral reefs

Visitors to be regulated;
greater awareness

MGMNP

Lack of local participation

Exploitation of resources,
minimal cooperation

Explore possibilities

Sand mining

Destruction of beaches; re¬
duced areas for turtle nesting.

Ban required; interim

Govt, control of col¬
lection and sale

FD infrastructure
inadequate,

III

Explore alternative
management strategies

Propellor use in MGMNP

Damage to coral reefs

Boat traffic routes to
be created, mooring
buoys to be used.

Ritchie’s

Archipelago

poaching, and fishing with¬
in the park and over reel's

Loss of revenue, Damage to reef

Create infrastructure &
management plan.

North,

Andaman

Unchecked encroach¬
ment of reserve and
revenue forests

Resource depletion anti un¬
checked population growth

Effective enforcement is
currently taking place

Ill

Uncontrolled resource ex-

ploiiadonftom^ua-ouMing „ Resource deptewm and to- _ Create iirtrastmcltw
islets, poaching and illegal cal extinction to monliorregion

timber extraction by settlers :

. Damage by el-

' n,erV,eW ephants & Deer

Illegal timber extraction
Polite and Goats
Barren Island Goats

Delgamo
& Trilby
Narcondam

Damage to forest regeneration

Habitat loss

Threat to the Endemic
Hombill, habitat

-Major impact to habitat

Removal

Monitoring

Monitoring & eradi¬
cation of goats

cation of goats

South Sentinel

fishermen and poach¬
ers camps

Giant robber crab, marine
turtles & pied imperial pi-
geon nesting habitat.

Monitoring and en¬
forcement required

Source: Andrews, 1999; 2000a: b; c: 2001:2002: Andrews & Sankaran, 2002: Ati. 2001:2004; Aid. 2002; Chandi, I99S; Gandhi, 2000:
Sankaran, 1995: 199H.

12 . 3 . Appendix 3: Avifauna of AN 1

Common name

Distribution

i

Accipiter buileri *

Nicobar sparrow hawk

N- Nt

“2-1

Accipiter guiaris

Japanese sparrow hawk

3

Accipiter nisus

Eurasian sparrow hawk

A

' 4' :

Accipiter soioensts

Chinese spanow hawk

■

5

Accipiter virgatus

Bcsra

A&N

SPfsS

Accra r narcondami *

: Nateondum hombill i

■- A-Vu 1: D2

7

Acridotheres juscus

Jungle myna

A

Wit:

Acridotheres tristis

Common myna -

9

Acridotheres tritis

Common myna

A&N

TO

Acrocephalus aedon

Thick billed warblei

A

11

Acrocephalus bistrigiceps

Black browed reed warbler

f* .

13

Acrocephalus oriental is

Oriental reed warbler

A

■ 14' : :

A crocephetius steMomts

Clamorous reed warbler

A&N "

15

Actitis hvpolcucos

Common sandpiper

A&N

Aeihopyga sipara/a

Crimson sunbird

17

Alcedo alt his

Common kingfisher

A&N

f?;:s -Tsiill

Alee Jo mcninting i ;i

Blue eared kingfisher

A

19

Amandava amandava

Red avadavat

20

Amaummix phnenievrus ' "

Whilebreasted water hen

4 4.- V

A&N . _

21

Anas gibberifrons *

Sunda teal

A

22

Anous minutus

■Black noddy

A '

23

Anous slolidus

Brown noddy

A&N

24

Anthus cervimts

Red throated pipit

25

A nthas godlewskii

^lyih’s pipit

26

Anthus richardi *

Paddyfield pipit

A- R

27

Anthus richardi

Richardi’s pipit

2X :

Apfortis panayensis

Asian glossy starling

A&N '

29

A pus apus

Common swift

Unknown

30

Ardea cinrea

Grey heron

A&N-R

31

Ardea purpurea

Purple heron

A&N

32

Ardeola grayii

Indian pond heron

A&N-R

112

33

Arenaria interpret

Ruddy tumstone

A & N

34

Artamw leitcorynchus

White breasted wood swallow

A

35

36

Avici’da leupholes

Bubulcus ibis

Black ba/a

Cattle egret

A

A&N- R

37

Cahradius veredux

Oriental plover

A

38

Calidris alba

Sandcrling

N .

39

Calidris ferruginea

Curlew sandpiper

A&N

40

Calidris minuta

Little stint

A&N?

41

Calidris subminuta

Long toed stint

Unknown

42

Calidris lemiirostris

Great knot

A

43

Caloenas nicobarica

Nicobar pigeon

A&N- R

44

Caprimulgtts macrnrus

Large tailed night jar

A

45

Casmerudius albus

Great egret

A

46

Centropits andamens'is *

Brown coucal

A-Nt

47

Celt! pallidipes

Palefooted bush warbler

A

48

Ceyx enthacus

Oriental dwarf kingfisher

A&N

49

Chalciles maculatus

Asian emerald cuckoo

A&N-V

50

Chalcophapx indii a

Emerald dove

A " ""

51

Chondritis as iaficus veredus

Caspian plover

A-V

52

Charadhm dubiux

Little ringed plover

A

53

Charadius mongoius

I .esser sand plover

A & N- R

54

Cbaradrius ieschenaulti

Greater sand plover

A&N

55

Chlidonias leucopterus

White winged tern

A

56

Chrysococcyx maculatus

Asian emerald cuckoo

A&N-V '

57

Circus aerugirwsus

Eurasian marsh harrier

A

58

Circus macrourus (Gmelin)

Pallid harrier

A

59

Circus pygargus

Montagu’s harricrA

60

Cisticnla juncidLs

Zitlmg eisticola

61

Collocalia brcvirostris

Himalayan swiftlct

A

62

Cbllocaha escutenta *

Glossy swi filet

A&N

63

Collocalia fuciphaga *

lidible nest swil\let

A&N

64

Columba palumboides *

Andaman wood pigeon

A&N-NT

65

Copsychus malabaricus

White rumped shama

A-R

66

Copsychus saufaris andameusis (Hume) *

Andaman magpie robin

A

67

Coracina macei

Large cuckoo shrike

A

68

Coracina macei

Large cuckoo shrike

A

69

Coracina striata

Bar belliedcuckoo shrike

A

70

Corvus macrorphynchos

Large billed crow

A-R

71

Cuculus micropterus

Indian cuckoo

A& N- R

72

Cuculus poliocephahis

Lesser cuckoo

A D

IV

73

Cuculus saturator

Oriental cuckoo

A&N-V

74

Dendroanthus indiais

75

Dendrocitta bayleyi*

Andaman tree pic

A- NT

76

Dendrocopos macei

Fulvous breasted woodpecker

A- R

77

Dendrocygna javanica

Lcsscrwhistling duck

A& N- R

78

Dicaeum concolor virescens

i laincoloured nowcij^cKci

79

Dicrt/nts andamensis *

Andaman drongo

A- NT

80

Dicrurus caentlescens

Crow billed drongo

N

81

82

Dicrurus macrocercus

Dicrurus paradiseus

Black drongo

Greater racket tailed drongo

A & N-

A&N-R

83

Dramas ardeola

Crab plover

A&N

" 84

Dromas ardeola ■

Crab plover

M A&N-Visitor

85

Dryocopus hodgei *

Andaman woodpecker

A-NT

86

: Dryocopus hodgei

Andaman wood pecker

A-R

87

Ducula aenea

Circcn imperial pigeon

A- R

; 88;

' Ducula bicolor

Pied imperial pigeon

N-X 1

89

Egretla ganetta

Liule egret

A&N-R

90

: Egrella sacra

Pacific reel’heron

A&N

91

Emberiza aureola

Yellow breasted bunting

si 92

Emberiza pusilla (Pallas) *

Little buntmg

A

93

Emberiza rutila

Chestnut bunting

' 94

Esacus neglectus *

Australian stone plover

A

95

Esacus negleetus

Beach thick knee

A

*>

Eudynamyy scotopacea

. Asian koe!

A & N

97

Eurystomus orientalis

Dollarbird

A

98

FdlCo peregrinus

Peregrine falcon

-A

99

Ficeduta parva

Red throated flycatcher

A

100

Fragata andrewsi

Christmas island firgatebird

- A -

101

Fregella tropica

Black bellied storm petrel

N

: : 302::

Gatherer einerca ((hucliu)

Water cock

. A&N

103

Gallinago gallinago

Common snipe

A-R

104

Gallinago media

Grear snipe

A- it

105

Gallinago stenura

Pintail snipe

R

106

Gallinago stenurii

Pintail snipe. . , C.

A&N-R

107

Gallinula chlorvpus

Malayan moorhen

A

1: 108

Gallirullus striatus

Salty brehsted rail

; A&N-R :

109

Glareula maldivarum

Oriental pratincole

A&N

110

Gracula religiosa

Hill myna

A&N

111

Halcyon capensis

Stork billed kingfisher

Ruddy kingfisher

Black capped kingfisher

A&N-R

A-R

R

112

113

Halcyon cormandra

Halcyon pileata

114

Halcyon syji-nensis

Whitethroated kingfisher

a

115

Haliaeetus leucogaster

White bellied sea eagle

A&N-R

m

Hirundapus giganteus

Brown backed needletail

A-R

117

Hirundo rustica

Bam swallow

A&N

118

Hirundo tahitica

Pacific swallow

A

119

llypothymis azurea

Blacknaped monarch

A

: : 120

Hypsipetes mcoharemds *

Nicobar bulbul

N- Vu (CT> :

121

Irena puelta

Asian fairy blue bird

A&N

122

lxohrvchus sinensis

Yellow bittern

A&N-R

123

Lalage nigra *

Pied triller

A&N

124

Lanius cristatus

Brown shrike

A&N-R

125

Limicola falcinetlus

Broad billed sandpiper

A& N

126

Limosa lapponica

% Bar tailed god wit

A&N- R

127

Locuslella naevia

Lanceolatcd warbler

128

Lonchura striata

White rumped mttnia

■■■■' ;

129

Loriculus vernalis

Vemal hanging parrot

A&N-R

130

Luseinia cyane

Siberian blue robin

A-

131

Lymnocryptcs minimus

Jack snipe

A-R

132

Maeropygi rttfipennis *'

Andaman cuckoo dove

A-Nt

114

133

Megapodius nicobariensis *

Nicobar scnibfowl

N- R- Vu

134

: Memps leschenau/ii

Chestnut headed befeater *

A-R

135

Merops philippinus (Linnaeus)

Bldetailed bee-eater

A &N

136

■; MotaciHa alba

White wagtail

R -

137

MotaciHa cinerea

Grey wagtail

138

MotaciHa /lava

Yellow wagtail

139

Muscicapa dauurica

Brow'ii flycatcher

A&N-R

140

Nectarinia jugularis

Olive backed sunbird

A

141

Nettapus coromandelianus

Cotton pygmy goose

A-R

142

N'max ajffims *

Andaman hawk ow 1

A Nt

143

Ninox scutulata

Brown haw : k owl

A&N-R

144

Nwnenius arquata

Eurasian curlew

A&N-R .

145

Numerous phaeoptts

Whimbrcl

A & N- R

146

Nycticorax tiydlicorax

Black crowned night heron

R^-- - "■ •

147

Oriolus chine ns is

Blaeknaped oriole

A-R

148

Or talus oriolus

Eurasian golden oriole

A

149

Oriolus xunthornus

Black hooded oriole

A

151)

Otus bain (Hume)

Andaman scops owl

151

Orus scops modesttis *

Andaman lesser scops owl

A

iipii

OtuS Simla

Oriental scops owl

A&N? R

153

Pandion haliaetus

Osprey

R

; : 154 :

Passer domesticus

House sparrow

; .•'

155

Passer montanus

Eurasian tree sparrow

156 '

Pelecanus philippensis

Spot billed pelican

A&N?

157

Pcticrocotus cinnamumeus

Small minivet

A

158

Pericrocotus flammeus

Scarlet minivet

. A R i

159

Phaethon aelhereus

Red billed tropiebird

N

160

Phaethon lepturus

White tailed tropiebird

A

161

Phaethon rubricauda

Red tailed tropiebird

N

162 ■

Phyllascopus trocintouies

Greenish warbler

.- "A

163

Phyl/oscous borealis

Arctic warbler

Phytloscous fuscatus

Dusky warbler

165

Phyl/oscous inornatus

Yellow browed warbler

166

Phylloscous magnirostris

Large billed leaf warbler

167

Phyllosco us tenellipes

Pale legged leaf warbler

168

Pitta sordida :

Hooded pitta

N

169

Pluvialis Julva

Pacific golden plover

A & N

170

Phtvtalis fulvtt

Pacific golden plover

A&N

171

Pluvialis squatarola

Grey plover

A & N

172

Pluvialis squatarola (Linnaeus)

Grey plover

A&N '

173

Porphyrio porphyio

Purple swamphen

A&N-R

174

Porzana parva

Little crake

A-v ■ i

175

Pnrzana pusilla

Bailion's crake

A- V

176

Psittacula alexandri *

Red breasted parakeet

177

Psittacula caniceps*

Nicobar parakeet

N- R- Nl

178

Psittacula eupatria

Alexandrine parakeet

1 ,5k ft m

179

Psittacula eupatria

Alexandrine parakeet

180

Psittacula longicauda

Long tailed parakeet :

- ~ A-R-

181

Psittacula longicauda

Long tailed parakeet

A&N-R

182

Pycnonotus atripus

Blackhcadcd bulbul

A

1t5

183

184

185

Pycnonotus jacobus

carmtngi (Blyih) * —

Hhinomvias brurmeata
*

Red whiskered bulbul

Andaman banded crake
Brown chested jungle
flycatcher

A-R

A-UV -

N

186 . Saxicola torqualn

; Common stone chat

" A"

187

Scolopax rusticola

Eurasian woodcock

A- R

188

Spilomis cheela

Crcastcd serpent eagle

. AdfN-

189

Spilornis elgini

Andaman serpent eagle

A

190

Spilornis minimus * .7 '.S f 'i;

Small serpent eagle

N-Nt

191

Spizaetus cirrhatus

Changeable hawk eagle

A

mxsm

Splilomh e/gini (Blyth) * * ' ■

Andaman serpent eagle:

A-Nt

193

Sterna atbifivns

Little tern

A

Sterna anacihctus

■ Bridled tern

A

195

Sterna bengalensis

Lesser crested tern

R

" 196

Sterna bergiy

Great ereasted tens

N .

197

Sterna clougalli

Roseate tem

A

198

Sterna fmcata

Sooty tern

R

199

Sterna sumatrana

Blacknapped tem

A & N

200

Streptopelia tranqueharica

Red collared dove

7;:.' V

201

Strunus roseus

Rosy starling

A

MM

Strunus slurninus

Purple backed sunbird

203

Stumus erylhropygius *

Whiteheaded starling

A-Nt

; 204;'.

Tadomaferruginca

Ruddy shelduck

| | A£R ^ 1

205

Terpstphofie paratiisi

Asian paradise flycathchcr

N

206

Todiramphus chioris

Collated kingfisher

SB 1;

207

Treron bicincta

Pompadour green pigeon

A&N-R

208

Tringa glareola

Woo d sandpiper

. A&N

209

Tringa glareola

Wood sandpiper

A-R

..

Tringa ochropus

Green sandpiper

A-R

211

Tringa tot anus

Common redshank

A & N

■»r» v. 'y

* t <

.

i. MZ

InngQtQtamix

A & N- K

213

Tt'uchts obscurus

Eyebrowed thrush

A

214

: : Tymaiha

Bam owl

A

215

Vanellus cine reus

Grey headed lapwing

A

716

;Semis cinereus -

Terek sandpiper

Sill:*

217

Zoothera ritrina *

Orange headed thrush

A

218

Zoskraps palpebrosa *

Oriental white eye

^iAAA:&:'N::ii;

Source: BNHS, ZSf, SA CON, Birdlife International (2000)

* — Endemic; A - Andamans: N - Nicobars: R - Resident; V- Visitor; i\t - near threatened; Vu vulnerable; DD - data deficient.

116

12. 4 . Appendix 4: Amphibian fauna in ANi

Family

Species

Distribution

1

Bufonidae

Bufo melanostictus

A&N

2

Mic rohy lidae

Kahnild hateata ghnshi *

A

.1

Micriletta mornata

A

4

■: ■' . '

Microhyla omata

A

5

Microhyla chakrapani *

A

6

Microhyla heymonsi

N

1

Ranidae

Linmonectes andamanensis *

A

1

.

Limnonectes doriae.

A&N

9

Limnonectes limnocharias *

A

10

:r : v :

Limnonectes sp. i *

A

11

Limnonectes sp. 2 *

A

i ; 2:■

S:

Limnonectes shonipenorum *

13

Limnonectes cancrivnrus

N

14

Limnonectes off timnocharis

N

15

Rana charlescJarwini

A

16

Rana nicobariensh

'n;?;

17

Rana erylhraea

N

18

Rami chalcmtola

N

19

Tavlorana hascheana

A&N

20

Rhacophoridae

Polypedates insuiaris *

N

Source: Das. 1995, 1999, 2002.

* Endemic

species recognised at present indicated with an asterix

12. 5. Appendix 5: Reptile fauna in ANI

Family

Species

Distribution & Status

1

Crocodylidae

Crocodylus porosus

A&N-En

2

Dermochelyidae

Dt miochelys coriacea

A&N-Ea

3

Cheloniidae

Chelonia my das

A & N-En

4

. • ;i;

Eretmqchelys imhneata

A&N-En

5

Lepidochetys o/fvacea

A & N-En

6

Bataguridae

Cuora dmbainemis

: n-dd

7

Gekkonidae

Cnemaspis ajjl. kandiamts *

A&N

8

Coxymhotus aff. platyitnts *

A&N

9

Cyrtodactylus rubidus *

A

10

11

Cynodacfylus adlcri *

Gehvra mu til ala

A&N

12

Gekko verreauxi *

A

13

Gekko smithii

N

14

Hcmidacfylus frenatus

A&N

15

Hemiphyllodactylus typus

N

16

Lepidotlat tylus higubris

A :s

17

Pheisuma andamanense

A

18

Ptychozoon kuhli

N

19

Agamidae

Bmnchocela cristate!la *

N

20

Bronchocela danieti *

N

21

Cables versicolor

A-Introduced sp.

22

Coryphophylax suberistatus *

A&N

23

Scincidae

Dasia nicobarensis *

N

117

24

Daskt olivacca

25

Lipinia macrotvmpana *

A&N

26

sSfr~%ygosoma off. howringii *

27

Mabuya andamanensis *

A

28

x ;:;, ■■

Mabuyarudis

■ .N. : .--

29

Mabuya tytleri *

A

1; 30

Scincetla macrotis *

N

31

Sphenomorphus maculates

A&N

Varanidae

Varamts salvator andamanensis *•

; A Jin

33

Varanus salvatar nicobarien.se*

N-En

P 33

Dibamidae

Dihamus nicobariais *

34

Typhlopidae

Ramphotyphlops braminus

A&N

My

Typhlops andamanensis

il|S; ;i

36

Typhlops oatesi

A

37

Acrochorididae

Acmchordus graimlatus

A & N

38

Xenopeltidae

Xenopeltis unicolor

N

': : 39

Colubridae

Amphiesma mcobariense *

: m: ;■

40

Boiga andamanensis *

A

41

■ : :

Boiga cyanea

: N

42

Boiga ochracea

A

'43::::

Boiga wallachi *

n : :

44

Cantoriu violaceti

A

45

■ g : f ■; k | ■-

( erbe.rux rym hops :

46

Chrysupelea paradise

A

.47-

Dendretaphis eytmochhns

A

48

Dendretaphis pictus andamanensis *

N

49

Elapheflavolineaia

A

50

Gonyosoma oxycephalum

A

51 |

Gongylosomanicbbaren.se*

N

52

Lycodon capucinus

A

1 5.7

Lycodan trwaru *

A

54

Oligodon nicoharen.se *

N

\ 55

. ' . ' •-

Sibynophis bistngaius f

11 N

56

Xenvchn/pbis melanzostus

A&N

■; 57

Xenochrbphis trianguligerus ;

N

59

Boidae

Python reticulates

N-nn

59

Hydrophiidae

1_ Tfydnjpfds cantoris

A JIT'

60

T.aticauda eolubrine

A&N

61

iMlicauda lattcaudata

A

62

Pelamis platurus

A&N

63

Viperidae

Trimeresurus andersom * ■ ■ ■

64

Trimeresitrus cantorii *

N

65

Trimeresurus labialis *

■

66

Elapidae

Bungarus andamanensis *

A

67

Naja sagiltifera *

. A-En

68

Ophiophagus Hannah

A-En

Source: Das, 1999.

f Nicobar record in need ofconfirmation, according to Smith (1943:280); *Endemic species recognised at present indicated with cm asterix
A - Andamans ; A r - Nicobars: * - Endemic: C - Critical; En - endangered; Vu - vulnerable; LRnt - lower risk near threatened;
Dd - data deficient.

118

12. 6 . Appendix 6: Endemic plants known from ANI

The presence of over 2000 indigenous and 500 non-indigenous angiosperm species
within a land area of8290 sq km is a significant feature of the islands, making them
a cynosure not only for plant taxonomists but also for conservationists. Of the 2000
species known 14% are endemic. At the generic level endemism is rather less with only
three genera viz. Sphyranthera (Euphorbiaceae) with 2 species, Pubistylis (Kuhiaceae)
with one species and Nicobariodendron (Celastraceae) with one species (Rao, 1996).

Family

Species

Gt.

NIC.

iSgrr

Is.

ANI

1

2

Pteridophytes

Cyathcaceac

Cyathea alhpsetacea

A

p

A

3

Cyathea nicobarica

A

P

A

'

r.-r.-fl8«S«S5SSMOWJC4U

Dicotyledons

- - T ‘ - r -s T — -

4

Ranunculaceae

Clematis smilacifo-
lia var. andamanica

A

A

p

■ ■ 5 ■

Dilteniaceae

pillenia andamanica

A

'■ Ayy'V';

p

6

Annonaceae

Artohotrys n icobarianus

P

A

A

7

Fric'sodielsiafarnicitlata

P : ■

A

A

X

Orophea katschallica

A

A

p

9

iM; 1*1

Poivalthea parkmsomi

> A ~

A :

p

10

Pseuduvaria prainii

A

A

p

: : vVit::

' . : .. ' ; : ;

Uvuria nicobarica

P

a

A

12

Menispermaceae

Cyclea pendulina

A

A

p

13

Starculiaceae

Stereulia cordata

mm

A

ii p ifi :

14

Clusiaceae

Crewia catophytla

A

A

P

VIS

Rutacea

Giyosmis pilosa

A

A.-:

P

16

G. mauritiana var. andamanensis

A

A

P

: -17

H llISlIlBilllM

Parumignya andamanica

A

m-1

P

18

Mellaceae

Ch isocheton nico baricus

P

A

A

19

:y: ••• ’0

Dysnxylum alliaceum

a;

A

§i«l

20

Icacinaceae

Codiocarpus andaman tea

a

A

p

21

HH* „ M

Gomphandra comasa

A

p -

s;Mi

22

Celastraceae

Nico bariodendro sleumeri

p

A

A

23

Vitaceae

Tetrastigma andamanica

A

A

p ■ y;

24

Leea grandifolia

A

P

A

25

Anacardiaceae

Mdngifera nicobarica

A

P

A

26

Semecarpus kurzii

A

A

P

27

Connaraceae

Connarus nicobaricus

P

28

Combretaceae

Terminalia procera

A

A

P

29

Melastomataceae

Olanthera nicobarensis

| |

A

30

Memecylaceae

Memecylon andamanicum

A

A

P

31

Rubiaceae

Coptophyilum nicobaricum

mmm;

A

A

32

33

Hedyotis paradoxa

A

A

~A

P

P

34

1. cuneifolia var. macrocarpa

A

p

A

35

l. grandifolia var. kurzlana

.v; . a

p

• A ■

36

l. grandifolia var. rosella

A

p

A

.37

.

l. tenuifolia

A

p

A

119

38

Ophiorrhiza injuruiibularis

V

A

A

39

ft. mcobortca. . ' -

P

~ A

40

Pxychotria andamanica

A

A

P

41

P platyneura

A

P

' A

42

Tarerma weberaefvlia

A

A

P

43

> 1 . ■— 1 -

Myrsinaceae

EmbeUamicmealyx

A :

P ~~

A"

44

Maesa andamanica

A

A

P

45

Oleaceae

Jasmmum muliifibntm
var. nkobariam

P

A

i!®3|

46

Apocynaceae

Alslonia kurzii

A

A

p

47

Chdocarpusdermdatui
var. nicobaricus

P

A

A

48

Tabernaemonlana crispa

A

A

P

MBl!

Asclepiadaceae

Genianthm hotel

’IZjA'

- A

50

Scrophulariaceae

Cyrtandroemia nicobarica

p

A

A

SI

Gcsncriaceae

Cyrtandra burlm

p

A

sSflf

52

C. occidentals

p

A

A

jBl|ljl

Acarrthaceae

StrobUanthes glanduhsus

A

A

54

Myrsinaceae

Knema andamanica
spp andamanica

A

A

P

55 -

Lauraceae iHlll

Ofsea htrzii "

A

IfSlp '

A

56

Nothophoebe nicobaricus

P

A

A

57

Euptiorbmceae

Claoxylon mstratum

. A

A

illlll

58

Cleistantha balakrish

P

A

A

59

Cg$ : : ' viijggBS

D>ype1esbhd(Utcharyae

. A

A

1 p 1 l

60

Glochidion calocarpw

A

A

p

igpMll

Macaranga ntcobaricta

P

A ' ■'

62

Mallotus obtongifolius
var. rubrifiorus

A

A

P

63

: : .7 :/.

Sphyranthera lutescen

A

A

§99

64

Trigonostemon villosus.
var. nicobaricus

P

A

A

Wmmm

Urtieaceae

Pellionia procridifolia

P .

A

66

Elatostema novorae

A

P

A

Monocotyledons '"*:7

SSKcMMiMdk-. SSS

SSSMSm

ymMyCdcM

;

67

Orchidaceae

Aerides emericii

P

A

A

tO

AnoectochihS mcohar

p

A

68

HH Wz %

A

69

Eria bractescenx var. kurzii

A

A

p

70

Dendrobium shompenii

p

A

71

Pomatocalpa andamanicum

A

A

P

72'

:

Phalaermpsis speciosa
var. speciosa

: 'a

A

P

73

Trichoglottis quadricornuta

A

P

A

gj|§ij|§

Vanilla andamanica

A

A p

75

Zingiberaceae

Hornsiedtia Jenzlii

P

A

A

76

Marantaceae

Phrymum pam'cuiatum

P

A

-

77

Dioscoreaceae

Dioscorea vexans

A

A

P

?8

Agayaceae

■ Dracaena bracbypbylla

A ■

A

P”

79

Arccaceae

Calamus andamanicus

A

A

P

86

gHH :Sx§

C. dilaceratus — -

A

P

120

81

C. pseudo-rivalis

A

A

p

MBit

C. uniforms

a w§

p ;|S:

|fe:S

83

C. nicobaricus

p

A

A

wmi:

Pmanga manu

~ A :

- A

P '

85

Rhopaloblasie augustata

P

A

A

Pandanus leram

86

Pandanaceae

van andamanensium

*F -

87

Araccae

Aglaonema nicubaricum

p

A

A

88

' _ Hqmalomena griffithii van mata

; p :

WMM

mm

35

Catopsilia pyranlhe (incl.f florella)

4

■36

Catopsilia florella gnoma

illtlfi

llggiip

37

Catopsilia crocale crocale

+

-38-

Cepora nadina amtamana * —

msmm

ppifiis®'

zz,~m~~ --

.39

Cepora nerisxa eiepka

+

4 .

”5^SWIlll^i

CepaTdr&risxdtichermsa ' ~

WjM |H|| m

lIMfll Wrn

41

Candaca harina andamana *

i

Delias hypareie indica ~ '

«5£g|sgs||pS&

43

Eurema andersoni exansi

44

Eurema blanda gnsed *

tom

WSHmm

| -4®-^

45

Eurema blanda moorei

46

Eurema blanda silhetam - ~

-f-7

47

Eurema brigitla rubella

■ 48

Eurema hecabe blairana

||||j§|||||

49

Eurema hecabe nicobariensis *

4

50

Eurema laera laeta

HHliilll

51

Gandaca harina andamana

+

■ :■': 52' : H'

Candaca harina nicobarica *

§j -

53

Ilebomoia glaucippc roepstroj

+

hiia pyrene andamana * _

55

Leptosia nina nina

, +

liiM

:: Leptosia nina rdcbbariea*

57

Pareronia ceylanica naraka

+

58

Saletara panda chrysea *

59 Lycaenidae

A mblypodia anita andamanica *

+

Anthene emolus andamanicus *

■ ;; ;.. 1:

•

61

Anthene lycaenina lycambes

62

Arhopala alea constanceae

--

6.3

Arhopala alesia

64

Arhopala asopoia asopia

65

Arhopala centaurus coruscans *

+

66

Arhopala Julia andamanica *

+

67

Arhopala zeta

+

68 Lf~_ "

Artipe erys ’filSBtefi Wi

HKSW

69

Bindahara phocides phocides

70

Bindahara phocides areca *

: :

SSlitfllfl

71

Caleta elna noliteia

4

mm

! ‘ Caleta mxtts roxus

7.3

Caleta roxus manluona

4

74

Caxtalius rminion alarbus *

+

75

Castalius ethion airavati *

4

76 | |

:: v CatncJirysops tithargyros

77

Catochrysops strabo

4

4

78

Caiochtysops lithargyria

3S

79

Charana jalindra tarpina *

+

80

Charafia mandetrinvs

Millilll

122

81

Chiliaria othona

82

Curetis saronis saronis

83

Curetis saronis kondtxlana

84

Curetis saronis nicoharica *

111

III

w

II

I:!

1!

+ ■

85

Curetis saronis obscura

86

Deudorix epijarbas amatius

1

m m

87

88

Discolampa ethion ethion

Discolampa ethion airavati

+

mmrsj

89

Euchrysops cnejus

+

+

90

Euchrysops pandavu panduva

-f

91

Eneres parrhasius pi/ct *

i

92

Heiiophorus epicles indicus

■. .

93

Horaga albimacula

94

Horaga onyx rarta ■

s .. : ^"ys

95

tiypolycaena ervtus andaman *

96

Nypolycaend Ihec/oides nicoharica *

* •

97

Ionolyce helicon brunnea *

+

98"'

lonotyce helicon kondutana

: ' :

99

lraota timoleon timoleon

100

Jimmies aiecto fusca

101

Jamides aiecto kondulana *

+

102

Jamides bochus bochus

+

■

103

Jamides bochus nicobaricus *

+

104

Jamides celeno blairana *

+

105

Jamides celeno kinkurka

106

Jamides celeno niceviitei

107

Jamides ferrari

108

Jamides kankena kankena *

.. .. .. .

-

109

Jamides kankena pseudelpis

HO

[ampules boeticus

®lii|

111

Lnxura atymnus nicoharica *

a.

+

112

I.oxura atymnus prubha

i

113

Lycae flops is pus pa cyanescens

114

Lycaehopsix puspa telis *

+

■ • ■ ssy/.v

115

Lycanopsis puspa prominens *

1

116

Afegisbq malava presbyter *

is-;; .

117

Megisba malava sikkima

118

Nacaduba ancyra aberrans

-

119

Nacaduba berenice nicoharica *

120

Nacaduba hermus major *

S'

121

Nacaduba kurava euplea

f

122

Nacaduba kurava nicoharica *

WM

123

Nacaduba pactolus andamanica *

124

Nacaduba pactolus macrothalma *

•• -

W. H

125

Nacaduba pavana

+

126 aBB

Nacaduba vajuva varla *

.

•;y.y +■

123

127

Nacaduba nora dilate *

4

Neopithecops zalmora

^. T ~ -

129

Narathura arhopalai zeta *

+

; ■ IJO ■

p £ g 33s|||

Pereiaea dana

■

JptfSi: S.-‘J

131

Pratapa deva Ufa

132 :■

Prosotas aluta coelestis

133

Prosotas dubiosa fulva

134

Prosotas nora nora

' '-rxxzg

135

Prosotas nora dilate

136

2 gg

■ Rapala dieneccs intermedia

: : : :

Wiktr-

137

Rapala schistaceae

138 :

Rapala suffuse rubicunda *

m-mm

139

Rapal varuna orcei. v

140

a,_ - -_

Spalgis epius nubilus *

141

Spalgis epius epius

+

iiiilp

Spindasis lohita zoilus

iplfllP" : :

143

Surendra quen etorum latimargo *

+

1:44 v : './

■ffififfi #1; ::i|

'lil/urm jangdla andamamca *

mcmmu

145

Tajuria cippus cippus

| 146

: .

Ziaeeria kansnmira

sMiSM

147

Zizina otis otis

' 4

4

148

’’ Zizuta gaika 'v '

PlllPilll +:

149

Zizufa hylax

4

150

Riodinidae

Abisara echerius bifasciata *

+

151

Nymphalidae

Amathusia phidippus andamanensis

* +

152

A tel la alcippe andamana *

4

153

Atella alcippe fraternal *

4

154

155

Cethosia biblis andamana *

+

156

Cethosia biblis nicobarica *

4-

+

157

Cethosia bibles anihada *

+

_

159

Cirrochroa fasciata

160

161

: Cirtvchtva nicobarica *

Cirrochroa tyche anjira *

4

■V. : 162

Cupha erymanthts andamamca *

jilfll|

■

163

Cupha crymanthis nicobarica *

+

164

Cythici erota pfr/idais *

IlilsyiliMft

165

Cyreslis codes formosa *

166

•

Cyrestis tabula * :

. ; - v • i-pS

T

167

Cyrestis thyodamas andamamca *

4

168

Danaus affinis malayana

sat H

169

Danaus genutia genutia

\

4

170“-’

Danaus melonipus camorta

+

4

171

Discophora timora andamanensis *

4

172

Doleschallia bisaltide andamana *

5?^ ' 4^r

. ' Ar

124

173

17*

175

176

177
I7S
179

jjlEjjll

181

182

183

184 ~

185

1S6 "

187

188

189

190 ~ -

191

197

198

199

: 200

201

202 ::

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210
211
212
213

8§|j|gl

Elymnias coitonis cottonis *
Euploea core andantancnsis *
Euploea core bumila
Euploea core camorta
Euploea core seherzeri
Euploea crameri esperi
Euploea leucostictos novarae
Euploea midamus chloe
Euploea midamus roepstrpffi
Euploea mulciber mukiber
Euploea phaenarela phoebus
Euploea Sylvester ftarrisi
Euripus consimilis consimilis
Euthalia aeonthea acontius *
Euthalia cibaritis *

Euthalia teuta teutoides *

Herona marathus andamana *
Hypolimnas mtllope anotmla *
Jlypolimnas bolina jacintha
Hypolimnas misippus
Kalluna albofasciata
Laringa horsfieldii andamanensis
Lethe eurrtpa nudgara *

Melanias ziteinus andamanica
Moduza procris anarta *
Mycalesis anoxias radza
Neptis columella kankena *

Neptis hytas andamana *

Neptis hylax nk ohanca *

Neptis hytas samhilanga
Neptis jumhah amorosca *
Neptis jumbah binghami
Neptis nandina clinia *

Neptis Sankara nar
Neptis soma mananda *
Orsotrioena medtts medus
Orsotrioena medus nicobarica *
Orsotrioena medus ryneka
Pantoporia hardonia cnacalLs
Pantoporia efte rufula *
Parantica angled agleoides

Parantica anglea melanoleuca
Parantica melaneus platcniston

Parantica nilgiriensis

ParthenosSylvia roepstorffi * +

125

219

220
221
222
223

£§ ?.r~

225

^.^5 22 ^-

227

228

229

: 230 :

231

232

233 Dana id ae

234

235

236

237
- 238

239

240

241

242

Parthenon sylvia nila *

Potyura athamas andamanicus *
Polynra sihteiber usametms

Precis ahnana almana
Precis almana mcohm tensh *
Precis alliles
Precis hierta magna
Precis oritya ocyale
Precis lemonias
Tirumala limniace exoticus
Vanessa cardui cardui
Vindula erota pallida *

Yoma sabmavastikt
Danaus plexxipus plexippus
m Danaus melanipus nessipus *

Danaus gautama gautamuides *

Danaus niigiriensis

Danaus chrysippus chrysippus

243 Idea agamarschana cacletli *

IgSlipl

Radena similis nicobarica *

v • '

1

m

It

245

Tirumala limniace limniace

+

246

Tirumala septentrional septentrional

+

247 Satyridae

Elymnias pant her a mimus *

+

HlPHi

Melanitis leda ismene

+

249

Mycalesis anoxias manii *

+

250

Mycalesis mineus nicobarica *

+

i is

251

Mycalesis visala andamana *

+

252 ~ ~ ~

- Lethe europa tamuna *

253 Hesperiidae

Astictopterus jama permagnus

254 “ ’ wmim

Badris cahira cahira

255

Banns oceia scopulifera *

+

256

Baorh farri scopulifera

257

Bibasis amara

258-"--- * ~

Bibasis senasma

. "■■■■ ■ ' ■" :

mmmSKS

259

Borbo cinnara

+

app

261

Cataenorrhinus andamanica *

Caiaenorrhinus leucocera leucocera

262 '

. Cephrenuspolmarum mcvbimca *

263

264

Cupitha purreea

~ naMh bfm&vva andamanica *

126

265

Erionala ihrax acroleuca *

1 -

+

266

Gqngara ihyrsis yasodara *

,} Zy ^T ' ■ JV

267

Hasora badra badra

+

+

268

: Hasora ckromus ebromus

1

1

m

269

Hasora leucospila pantia

270

Hasora sal ansa

271

Hasora taminatus almea

+

272

Hasora malayana

273

Hasora villa villa

274

Hyan'ilis adrastus praba

275

Ismene harisa harisa

276

Ismene jaina astlginata

- - rT : ~‘ ~

277

Natapa aria aria

278

. Natapa druna

279

Natapa shatgrama

280

Notocryptu curvifuscia

4 -

281

Notocrypla paratysos paratysos

282

7 Orient goto gala

+

283

Padraona maesoides a Italian *

.+

; : '284' : " ; Vv-

Paduka lebadae andamanica *

+

285

Pelopidas conjuncta javana

' v 286 ; |

Pelopidas marinas marinas

287

Pelopidas sp.

+

288 '' M

Potamhus maesoides ottalina

^ ~~ ~V~~~

H fA B M

289

Potanlhus serina senna

' 290

Polanthus tropica nlns *

291

Potanlhus trachala allalina

+

292

Potamhus on/udus niria

+

293

Sarangesa dasahara dasahara

294

Suastus rarnu adiius

- ’ '• .

295

Tagiades adieus hel/eri *

+

+

296

Tagiades atlicus ravina *

+

:+

297

Tagiades litignsa andamanica *

+

298

Tagiades obscurus alica *

+

299

Tagiades gana alica

1 *

300

Tagiades japetus ravina

301

Zographelus ogygia andamana *

+

Source: Evans (1932); Farrw (mi: Khatri. 1989; 1990; 1993; 1994; 1997; 1998; Chandra Khatri 1995.

* Endemic species recognised cn present indicated with asterix; + Species recorded during the surveys A - Andamans; N - Nicohars

12 .8. Appendix 8: Mammalian species in ANI

_ Family/Sub family _ Scientific name _ Common name & status __

Chiroptera

1 Pteropodidae Cynoplerus braehyoils Andman short hosed fruit bat-A & N- LSnt

Cynoplerus spihx Common short nosed fruit bat- A- Dd

3 Cynoplerus sp. Unidentified- A (Aul, 2002)

4 Eonycleris spelaea Cave fruit bat- A- Vu

127

- '5-- ’

7 Pteropus funuius *

Nicobarese flying fox- N- Vu

6

Pteropus giganteus

Indian flying fox- A- Lin

7

- ; •

Pteropus melanotus tyleri

- Black flying fox- A & N- JDd

8

Pteropus vampyrus

Large flying fox-A- Ln

9 ■

id! ■ igflM!

Ptempus hypomelatmus

Island flying fox- A- Bn

10

Emballonuridac

Taphazous melanopogon

Black headed tomb bat- N- Dd

11 , £

.

Taphozous saccolaimus

:: Pouch bearing bat- A

12

Megaderm atidae

Megaderma spasma

Lesser false vampire bat- A- Dd

n

Rhinolophidae

Rhinolophus affinis

Intermediate horseshoe bat- A

14

Rhinolophus cognatus

Andamans horseshoe bat- A

■ 15,.

s::i

Rhinolophus rejulgens

Andersens horseshoe bat- A

16

Rhinolophus )i/nanensis

Dobson's horse shoe bat- A

17

Rhinolophus sp

Sp undet :d confirmation- A (Aul, 20023

18

Hipposideros ater *

Dusky leaf-nosed bat- N

■§

Hipposideros cinereus

Grey leaf-nosod bat- A

20

Hipposideros diadem a *

Diadem lcaf-noscd bat-N- LRnt

21

Htppocideros fidyus

Fulvous leaf nosed bat

22

Hippocideros larvatus

Horsefiled’s roundlcaf bat- A

| WM

ISSiSi : :

Hippocideros pomna

Anderson’s leaf nosed bat-A .& N-.. LRnt

24

Vespertilionidae

Hcsperopienus tickelli

Tickclls bat- A

:

Myotis honsfieldii* :■

Horsetileds myoiis bat- A & N- Dd

26

Myoiis sp

Sp under id confirmation- A (Aul, 2002)

27

■ : Mufma cvclotis

N

28

Miniopterus pusiUus

Nicobar long-fingered bat- N

29

Pipis Indus Javtmicus

Javan pipistreite-A & N 1 ,Rnt

30

** Pipistrel las
corumandra

Coramandel pipistrelle- N- Dd

■ 3 : i

. TT

Kamortas pipistrelle- A

32

Scotophilus kuhlii

Asiatic lesser yellow bat- A & N

: : 33

Tyloncycteris pachypus

Bamboo bat- A

34

Tapohozous melanopogon

A&N-Dd

Carnivora

35

Viverridae

Paguma lan’ata

Andamans palm civet- A

36

'■ ... ' .

Felis chaus

Jugle cat-A- Introduced

37

Rodentia

Five striped palm squirrel- introduced

Sciundae

runambulns pennantu

39

Muridae

Mus muscufus

House mouse

40

41

-5^ Ratfus stoicys

Rat t us rattus

Millers rat

Black rat

42

Rattus muelien

Mullers rat

43

Rattus rogersi

Rogers rat

44

Rathts (iomdnicus

Malayan wood rat

Insectivora

Soricidae

Croruho-a andamanensis*

Andamans ground shrew-A

46

Cmcidura hispida

Thomas ground shrew-A

47

Cmcidum jcnkinsi

Jenkins ground shrew-A

48

Crocidura nicobarica *

Nicobar spiny Shrew- N- DD

49

■

Tupaia nicobarica
nicobarica

Great Nicobar Island tree shrew-Sub sp.

50

Tupaia nicobaricasurda

Little Nicobar Island tree sinew- Sub sp.

Artiodactyla

128

51

Suidae

Sus scrpfa andamanensis

Andaman wild boar-A- En

52

Sus scrofa nkobarens'ts

Nicobar wild bore-N-En

53

Elephantidae

Elephas maximus

Asian elephant- Introduced

S§®g

Prcssiodactyla

:' 1 sS/Ussik

54

Cervidae

Axis axis

Spotted deer- Introduced

55

Muntiacus muntjak

Barking deer- introduced

56

Dugnng dugon _

Dugong - CR(A la, Ic, Id)

Aul. 2002: Aui & Vijayakumar. 2003; Bates, I99S: Das, 1998; Miller 1902. A - Andamans;
- Nicobars , * - Endemic; C Critical,- Bn endangered; Vu - vulnerable; LRnt - lower risk near threatened: Dd data deficient.

12. 9. Appendix 9: Some marine fishes around AN1 coast_

The interesting groups are, chimaerids (Chimaeridae), pelagic sharks (Carchaehinidae), deep
sea sharks (Squalidae), skates (Rhinobatidae) sting rays (Rajidac), herrings, Moray eels (Mu-
raenidae) sardines (Clupeidae), anchovies (Clupcidae), milk fish, cat fish, (Aruidae), lizard
fish (Synodontidac), flying fish (Excoctidae), half beaks (Hemirhamphidac), alligator gar
(Belonidae), soldier fish (Holocentridae), pipe fish (syngnatbidae), scorpion fish (Scorpaeni-
dae), groupers (Serranidae), grunters (Teraponidae), flag tails (Kuhlidae), Bulls eye (Priacan-
thidac), cardinal fishes (Apogonidae), whitings (Sillaginidae), sucker fish (Echeneididae),
trevellys (Carangidae), silver belly (Leiognathidae), snappers (Lutjanidae), fusiliers (Cae-
sionidac), silver biddys (Gerridae), grunters (Haemulidae), sweetlips (Haemulidae), breams
(Sparidac, Lethrinidac), threadfins (Nemipteridae), jaw fish (Sciaenidae), goat fish (Mulli-
dae), bat fish (Ephippididae), butterfly fish (Chaetodontidae), angel fish (Pomacanthide), Tal-
pia (Cichlidae), demoiselles (Pomacentridae), anemone fish (Pomacentridae), mullets (Mu-
gilidae), barracuda (Sphyraenidae), tassel fish (Polynemidae), wrasses (Labridae), parrot fish
(Scaridae), blennids (Blennidac), dragonets (Callionymides), gudgeons (Eleotndidae), goby
(Gobidae), sword fish (Istiophoridae), mackerel (scombridae), tunas (Scombidae), flounders
(Pleuronectidae), soles (Cynoglassidae, sollidae), file fish (Balitidae), trigger fish (Balisti-
dae). Box fish (Ostracidae), blow fish (Tetrodontidac), and porcupine fishes (Diodontidae).

Source: fisheries Department: CAR1; Devi A Rao. 2003a; Devi * Kao, 2003b, Rajan. 2001; 2003: Rajan et al, 1993: Kao. 2004; Kao

& Devi. 2004.

12. io. Appendix 10: Corals around ANI

Family

Species

9

10

Astrocoeniidae Stylocoeniella armata Ehrenbcrg, 1834

Stylocoeniclla gnentheri Basscn-Smith, 1890
faintly Pocilloporidae
Pocillupora damicomis Linnaeus, 1758
Pocitlopora eydonxi Milne Edwards &Haime, 1860
Pocillupora mearuirina Dana, 1846
Podllopora verrucosa Ellis & Solandcr. 1786

■M—WMg

Seriulopora hyslrix Dana, 1846

11 Acroporidae

Acropora aspera

a pmi

Acropora sp. / “brown digitate ”

13

Acropora austera Dana. 1846

14

Acropora brueggvmami Brook, 1893

15

Acropora cardinis Dana, 1846

129

Acropora eenaia Dana, 184ft i
Acropora chesterjieidensis
Acropora clathrata llmolt 1X91
Acropora cophodaetyla Brook. I842
Acropora cytherea Dana, IK-46
Acropora sp. I. ” danai-like ’’

2 ?

24

25

26

27

n

29

: A’

30. :
31

33

Ifipl

35

fPf

37

38

39

40

41

Acropora divaricata Dana, 1846
Acropora echinata Dana, 1846
Acropora efflorescens
Acropora florida Dana, 1846
Acroporaformosa Dana, 1846
Acropora gemmifera Brook, 3892
Acropora gtobiceps Dana, 1846?

Acropora graridis Brook, 1892

Acropora granulosa Milne Edwards &Haime, 1860

Acropora kemprichi?

Acropora humilis Dana, 1846

Acropora hvacmlhiu Dana, 1846

Acropora kosurini Wallace

Acropora loiseilac? Wallace. 1994 ||;f|

Acropora longicyalhus Milne Edward & Haimc, 1860

43

44

45

§■

47

48

49

50

51

.52 1
53

55

57

Acropora lutkeni Crossland. 1952?

Acropora monttcutosa Bruggemann. 1879
Acropora nasuta Dana, 1846
Acropora nohdis Dana, 1846
Acropora paliferci Lamarck, 1816
Acropora palmerae
Acropora paniculalu Vernti, 1902
Acropora proximalis
Acroporapulchra Brook, 1891
Acropora robusta Dana, 1846
Acropora rudis

Acropora samoensis Brook, 1891
Acropora sclago Studcr, 1878
Acropora solitcuyemis Veron & Wallace, 1984
Acropora spici/era as in Wallace 1999
Acropora spici/era as in Wallace 1999
Acropora tenuis Dana. 1846

59

:j6B:

61

62

63

M

65

Acropora vaughani Wells, 1954
Acropora gracilis Bernard, 1896
Acropora listen Bernard, 1896
Astreopora myriophthalma Lamark, 1816
Astreopora randtii Lamberts, 1980
Astreopora snggesta Wells, 1954
Montipora aequituherculata Bernard, 1897
Montipnra calicvlata Dana, 1846
Montifpora capitata Dana, 1846

130

66

MisfeMIllillSSl

Montipora dtgitata

67

Montipora faveolala Dana, 1846

68

Mdnlipora meamhrrna

69

Montipora tuberciitosa Lamarck, 1816

70

'

Montipora turgescens ;

71

Montipora venosa Llircnbcrg, 1834

72

Montipora verrucosa Lamarck, 1816

73

Montipora vielnamensis Vcron, 2000 or M parties ?

74

Poritidae

Foritis aimae Crossland, 1952

75

Poiites cyitndrica Dana. 1846

76

.

Forties evermdni Vaughan, 1907

77

Forties monticulosa Dana, 1846

78

' ?— - - - ~i w ~

Parties run Forskal, 1775

79

Parties vaugham Cross land, 1952

80

Sidc-rastcridac

CoScinaraea columna Dana, 1846

81

Coscinaraea crassa

.. 82

pWlIlSPi

PsammtvLora conttgua Esper, 1797

83

Psammocora digital a Milne Edwards, Hairnc,l851

84

Psammocora explamiiata van der Horst, 1922

85

Psammocora haimeana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851

86

.

Psammocora profundacelia Gardiner, 1898

87

Psammocora supcrficialts Gardiner, 1898

88

Coeloseris maycri Vaughan, 1918

89

Cardineroseris plamdala Dana, 1846

90

'- ~ "

Leplosens erplanata Yabe & Sugiyama, 1941

91

Leptoseris harvaiiensis Vaughan, 1907

92

Leplosens inervstans

93

Leplosens mycetoseroides Wells, 1954

94

! ■ ■ : ■■ ■

Leptoseris scabra Vaughan. 1907

95

Leptoseris yabei Pillai & Schccr, 1976

96

Pachyserts gemmae Nemcnzn. 1955

97

Pachyseris rugosa Lamarck, 1801

98

] , W- ■ ■ • ■

Pachyscns spectosa Dana, 1846

99

Pavona bipartita Nemenzo. 1980

100

. . .’’ : 'y .

Parana cactus Forskal, 1775

101

Pavona davits Dana, 1846

102

Pavona ck-cussatu Dana. 18-16

103

Pavona dutrdeni Vaughan, 1907

104

Pavona sp "duerdeni-Iike"

105

Pavona explanulata Lamarck, 1816

106

Pavona maldivens is

107

Pavona various Vcrrill, 1864

ravona vcnosa tnrcnncrg, i

109

110

Fungiidae

Ctenactis crassa Dana, 1846

in

Fungia conciima Verrill. 1864

112 Fungia fungites Linncaus, 1758

113

Fungia granulosa Klunzingcr. 1879

114

.

Fungia horrida Dana, 1846

115

Fungia ktunzingeri Doderlein, 1901

Its

Fungia maluccvnis Horst, 1919

117

Fungia paumotensis Stutchbury, 1833

UK

Fungia repandu Dana, 1846

119

Fungia scutaria Lamarck, 1816

IMSl

Utrpolitha ft/KarHourtuyn,1722

121

Lithophyllon manakensis? Veron, 2000

122

-

PalyphyUn talpma Lamarck, 1801 ;

123

Sandalolitha dentate Quelch, 1884

Oculinidae

Calaxca acrhtdia

125

Galaxea astrcata Lamarck, 1816

' 126

IMISliSIH

Galatea fascivularis Linnaeus, 1767

127

Pectinidae

Echinophyllia atpera Ellis & Solander, -1788

12X

"

Echmophvlliaechinata Savi lie-Kent. 187!

129

Echinophyllia echwapur aides Veron & -Pichon, 1979

■miK

ipsa ;%

Myeedttim elephuntotus Pallas, 1766

131

Oxypurn crassispinvsa Nemenzo, 1979

132

Oxypora tacera Vcrrill. 1864 ■

133

Pectinia alclcama

134

Pectinia pacoma Dana, 1846

135

Mussidae

Acanlhastrea echinata Dana, 1846

136

Actmrhasirea hempriehiiEhtgtJserg, 1834

137

Acanthastrca Lshigakiensb Veron, 1990

138

: AuxtraiMttuxxarPwleyensisVeioxF ' 1985 :

139

Cynarina lacrynialis Milne Edwards & Haime. 1848

141)

Lohnphyllia hempriehti Khrcnberg, 1834 :

141

Symphyllia agaricta Milne Edwards & Ilaimc, 1849

142

Symphylha radians Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849

143

Symphyllia recta Dana, 1846

144

Meraimidae

Hydnophora exesa Pallas, 1766

145

Hydnophora grandis Gardiner, 1904

146 j

Hydnophora mtcmconos I aunarck. 1816

147

Hydnophora pilosa Veron, 1985

Hydnophora rigidtt Dana. 1846

149

Merulina ampliala Ellis & Solander. 1786

150

W : : ■

'■■"'/jMefuiind seabriatld \ i s

151

Scapophvllia cvlindrica Milne Edwards & Ilaimc. 1848

152

Favfldae

Diplomirea heliapora Lamarck 1816

153

Echinopnra gemmacea Lamarck. 1816

154

Echimpnra hirsnttissima Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849

155

Favia pallida Dana, 1846

156

Favia rotitndata Vcmn & Fiction, 1977

157

Favia sictligera Dana, 1846

158

Favia truncalus Veron, 2000

159

Faviites ahdita Ellis & Solander, 1786

160

Favites acttUcaUH

161

Faviites halicora Ehrenbcrg, 1834

162

Favites pehtagoha Esper, 1794

163

Goniaxlrea edwardsi Chevalier, 1971

164

Goniaslrea minuta

165

Goniasireapectinata Ehrcnbery, 1834

132

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

pjjM;

177

178

179

180
181
182
183

: 184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192;

193

194

195

196

197

198

Caryophilliidac

Dendronhylliidae

Heliporidae

Clavulariidae

Goniaslrea reliformis Lamarck, 1816

Leptastrea purpurea Dana, 1846

Leptastrea tramversa Klunzinger, i 879

Leptoria phrygia Ellis & Solander

Manstaslrea colemani

Montaslrea euna Dana, 1846

Ou/aslrea crL\pah< Lamarck. 1816

Outophyllia laevis

Platygyra acuta Veron, 2000

Platygyra daedatea Lllis & Solander, 1986

P latygyrasp "green

Platygyra lame Hina Ehrenbcrg, 1834

Plesiaatrea venipara Lamarck, 1816

Euphyllia ancora Veroil & Pichon, 1979

Euphyllia divisla Veron & Pichon, 1979

Euphyllia glubrescens Cliamisso & F.ysenliardl, 1821

Euphyllia yaevamaemsts Shirai, 1980

Euphyllia lichentemlcini Milne Edwards & Haime, 1786

Ptcrogtya simtosa Dana; 1846

Tubastrae coccinea Lesson. 1829

Tubastrue diaphana

Tubastrae micranthus Ehrenbcrg, 1834

Twbinaria mesenterina Lamarck. 1816

Turbinaria slellttlala Lamarck, 1816

Heliophora sp l “short”

Tubipora musica Linnaeus. 1758

Stylasteridae

Millepora exaesa
Millepora intricate
Millepora murrayensis
Millepora platyphylla
Slylasler spl orange or pink

Source: Pillai, 1972: 1983; Wafer, 1992; Qasim, 1998; Kulkami, 2000; 200i; Vnuxden, 2001: Turner, el al, 2001.

12.11. Appendix 11 : Threatened species of shark, rays and molluscs

Schedule IV ■ Molluscs

1

Anoxypristis cuspidara

1 Cypraea lamaina

2

Carcharhintis hemiodon

2

Cypraea mappa

3

Glyphius Ranges icus

3

Cypraea talpa

4

5

Glyphius glyphius
l I imanlura Jluial is

4

5

Fasciolaria trapaxium

Harpulina arausica

6

Pristis microdon

6

Lambis chirage

7

Pristis Zijsron

7

Lambis chorogarrlhica

«§§i§8#!#

Rhynchobatus djiddensis

8

Lambis crocea

9

Urogymnus aspenmus

9

Lambis millipede

crSSrrS

Part IV-B-Molluscs

10

Lambis scorplus

1

Cassis cormusa

11

Placenta placenta

133

2 Charoria tritonix

12 Stivmbus phcatus

3 Conus maineedwardsi

13 Trochus niloticus

:.s : v: 4 Gjpra casts rufa '

14 marmaratus

5 Hippopus hippopus

C> Nautilus pompilus

HHl 5 — lllll H

7 Tridaena maxima

^ THdaena xhumosa

7773^33737 22 — —5 -

9 TriJicia spiral Its

Source : Ministry of Environment and Forests, Gazette 2001.

12 . 12 . Appendix 12 : Sea grass species and distribution in ANI

Family

Species

Distribiiaon

1 Hydrocharitaceae

Enhaius acoroides (Linn. F) Roylc

Camorta Island, North Reeflsland,

Little Nicobar, Pilomillow.Ponda
west bay in Katchal, Bada Inaka,

Pilo Bha in Great Nicobar

2

3

4

5 Potamogetonaceae

lillllliiSillls

Ilalophila walls (R. Br.) Hook f.

Halophila ovata Gaud.

rha.p’t'a ht mpr chn (FhrciilMTii i Aschers

Cymodocea rotundata (Ehrenb.

& Hempr F.x Aschers)

Cymodocea serrulata (R Brown)

Ascherson & Magnus

North Reef, Havelock. Inglish.

H<*nry Lawrence, Great Nicobar,
C'annota, Nancowry and Kalehal

North Reef, Havelock, Inglish, Henry
Lawrence, Great Nicobar, Carmota,
Nancowry, Katchal and Pilomillow
Katipur, Pilomilow, Katchal,

‘ Z ri_r

Caroorat, Chidiyatapn

North Reel', Pilomillow, CJret Nicobar
west, Havelock, Katchal cast

Nanco wry group of islands

7

Syringodium isoetifolium (Ascher) Dandy

Inglish-Henry Lawrence island,

Camorta, Nancowry, Katchal,

Pilomilow, Little Nicoabr

■ Q

Halodule pinifolia (Mild) den Hartog

North Reef, Havelock, Inglish, Henry
Lawrence, Great Nicobar, Carmota,

- -

' '

Nancowry. Katchal and Pilomillow

9

Halodule uninervix (Forskall) Ascherson

North Reef, Havelock, Inglish, Henry
Lawrence, Great Nicobar, Carmota,
Nancowry, Katchal and Pilomillow

Source: Das, 1996

12 . 13 . Appendix 13 : Mangrove species present in ANI

Family

Species

■ ' -

1 Acanthaceae

SgSgggj

3 Myrsinacea

4 Avicenniaceae

5

(' Rhizophoraceae

7

S | ~. “

9

Acanthus ebractealus

Acanthus illicifolius

Aegicera conticulalum

S§|1||H Avicennia marina

Avicennia officinalis

Brugtiiera cylindrica

Bruguiera gy-monrrh'tza

Bruguiera parvifhra

Bruguiera xexangula

Ceriopx tagal

134

11

Euphorbiaccac

Excoecaria agallocha

12

Sterculiaceae

Heritiera liftoralis

13

Combretaceae

l.umnitzera littirea

14

1IS1S! WMSsBB W. WwSSB. Higg

Lumnitsera racemasa

15

Arecaceae (Palmae)

Nypa fruiticans

16

MgsS v.v S

Phoenix paludosa

17

Rhizophoraceae

Rhizophora apiculata

18

Rhizophora lamarckii

19

Rhizophora mucronata

20

.

Rhizophora slylosa

21

Rubiaceae

Scyphiphora hydrophyllact

22

Sonneratiaceae

Ronmrmia alba

23

Sonneralia apetala

24

Meliaceae

■ Xylocarpus granatum

25

Xylocarpus moluccemis

26

Acanthaceae

Acanthus voluhilis

27

Adiantaceae

Acrostichum auerum

28

Acmstichum speciosum

29

Asclepiadaceae

Sarcolobus glohosus

30

Bignoniaceac

Doliehandrone spathacea

31

Fabaceae

Derris trifoliate

32

Meliaceae

Aglaia cuculiata

33

Xylocarpus gangeticus

34

... ■ : : :

Xylocarpus mekongensis

35

Plumbaginaceae

Aegialitis rotundijolia

36

Rhizophoraceae

Ceriops decandra

37

Kandelia candel

38

Sonneratiaceae

Sonneratia casedtaris

39

Sonneratia griffithi

40

Tiliaceae

Brownitrwia tersa

41

Apocynaceae

Ccrehra manghas

42

ills: WlEEEBES If

C 'erehra odoilum

43

Asclepiadaceae

Finluysonia obovata

44

Tylbphpra temtissima

45

Asteraceae

Pluchea indica

46

Cacsalpiniaceae

Caesalpmia honduc

47

Caesalpmta crista

48

Cyperaceae

Pimbristylis ferruginea

49

Fabaceae

Cynometra iripa

50

Cynometra ramiflora

51

Dalbergia candenatensis

52

Flagellariaceae

Plageltaria indica

53

Hippocrateaceae

Salacia chinensis

54

Lecythidaceae

Barringtonia racemosa

55

Lythraceae

Pemphis acidula

56

Malvaceae

Hibiscus liliaceous

57

Myrsinaceae

Ardisia solanacea

58

Pandanaceae

Pandanus odoratissimus

59

Vcrbenaceac

derodendrum inerme

Source: Debnath, 2004; Das. A K. 2001a: Mall el at., 1985; 1987.

135 •

12. 14.

Appendix 14: Mangrove creeks and small rivers in ANI

NORTH ANDAMANS

Name

Location

■ 1 ■

Unnamed

North western side of Landfall Island

2

Unnamed

South western side of Landfall Island

. Pine Bay Creek

North of North Andaman

4

Cape Hemingway Creeks (Two creeks)

North western

Katol'oiyo (Three creeks) :

North western :

6

Elizabeth Bay (Two creeks)

North western

7

Tikuduug Creek

Western side ;

8

Duncan Bay (Two creeks)

Western side

9

Coldstream Bay (Three: creeks)

Western side :

10

Hudson Ray (Two creeks)

Western side

11

T : Beale Bay creek

Western side

12

Miapong Creek & one unnamed

Casuarina Bay crcck, western side

13

Coflhe Bay creek

western side -North Andaman

14

Pembroke creek

western side- North Andaman

15

McPherson Bay creek

western side -North Andaman

16

Hoarc Bay crcck

South western side- North Andaman

' 17

GibbCVeek '

North eastern side-North Andaman

18

Palchar River & one unnamed creek

Caddie Bay, North eastern side- North Andaman

111IS

Kalpong River

eastern stde- North Andaman

20

Blair Bay crcck

eastern side- North Andaman

21

Parangara Creek

South eastern-North Andaman

22

Kalara River (Kalighal Creek)

South of North Andaman

23

Khoda Khari creek

South of North Andaman

MIDDLE ANDAMANS

24

Interview Island creeks (Three maiu creeks)

Eastern side Interview Island

25

Bajela creek

North western- Middle Andaman

4.6

27

Tugapurcreek

Webbi creek

North- Middle Andaman

North- Middle Andaman

28

Melegar Boilyn & I ungiiwa creeks

Louis Inlet, western side, Middle Andaman

29

Robert Bay (Two creeks)

w estern side, Middle Andaman

30

Year-Tilal jig

South west- Middle Andaman

31

Parloh Jig, Poti Jig, Bordin Jig & Yal Jig

South eastern- Middle Andaman

32

Rongat River (creek)

Eastern side- Middle Andaman

33

Bctapnr River

Cuthbert Bay. Eastern side- Middle Andaman

mm

Karmatang Creek

North east- Middle Andaman

SOUTH ANDAMAN

Needham Beach (two small creeks)

North western- South Andaman : .

36

Cape Bluff crcck

West- South Andaman

it -

Breakfast Bay creek

West

38

Port Campbell (Tour creeks)

West

39

Cape Harwell creek

West

40

Bajalunla Jig

Constance Bay, north of bay

41

Tirur creek

Constance Bay, south of bay-

136

42

43

Port Moualh (Two creeks)

South west- South Andaman

Corbyn’s creek

South cast- Sooth Andaman

44

45

46

Mile Tilak creek

Shoal Bay- cast South Andaman

Jirka Tang creek

Burataga Jig

Shoal Bay- cast

Shoal Bay- east South Andaman

North west= Soulh Andaman

48

Pollalang creek

49

50

Lulu Jig

Pawa jig

North of Baratang Island

North of Baratang Island

North cast Baratang Island

South cast Baratang Island

51

52

Aug Jig

Jarawa creek

u .r..., v

LITTLE ANDAMAN ISLAND

55

<*>

Bumiia creek.

likiti Bay creek

North- Little Andaman

West - Little Andaman

57

Tochangeou creek

West - Little Andaman

JO

59

Kweckenuan

South Bay- south Little Andaman

60

South Bav

61

Kojilae

South Bay

62

Ingoie

South Bay

63

Toibalewc

South Bay

64

Tae-Eya creek

North east- Little Andaman

65

Dugong Creek

North east

66

Butler Bay (Two creeks)

South east

67

Hut Bay (Two creeks)

South east

GREAT NICOBAR ISLAND

68 Ganges River ,

3 • 1

North- Cireat Nicobar Island

69

Dagtnar River

Casuarina Bay-West- Great Nicobar Island

70

Alexandra River

West- Cireat Nicobar Island

7!

Pulo Bha creek

South west- Great Nicobar Island

72

Galalhea River

South Bay- South cast Great Nicobar Island

73

Five unnamed creeks

Eastern side (Between 35 km and Campbell Bay)

74

Lal'ul Anch creek

North cast - Great Nicobar Island

Source: A ruin

errnv t£ Tripathy. 2004.

12 . is. Appendix 15: Medicinal plants of ANI and ethnobotanical information

Name of the Plant

Local Name (Used by)

i

A hr us precalorius L.

Kahcich/Pon-yamoh (N)Tanuve (0)

2

A buti Ion indicum L.

(Canko Tih/Molvearu/Malvari (N)

3

Accilypha indie a L.

Lankop/KulchingT'amkaropc (N)

4

Acanthus ilicifolius L.

5

Achyranthes aspera L.

Chirchiri

6

Achyranlhes bidentata Bl.

Panuko (N)

7 Acrastichum aureum L.

8 Actoplanes canniformis (Forat )K. Schum.

9 Adenia nicobarica

11) Adenia penangiana (Don), de Wilde

11 Adenoslemma iavenia L. Kunt.

12 Aegle marmelos

13 A erva lanata J ass.

14 Afzelia bijuga A. Gray.

15 Ageratum conyzoide .« L.

16 Agitmnema simplex BI.

17 Aglaia argentea B\.

18 Alchornea javensis Mucll-Arg.

19 Alchornea rugosa (Lour.) Muell Arg. L.

20 Alpima sp

21 Aistonia kurzii Ilk. f.

22 Aistonia mat mphylla G. Don.

23 Amaranthus spinas us L.

24 Amischototype molttssmut Misak

25 Amomum fenzlii (Kurz.) Schum.

26 Amomum aculeatum

27 Ampeiocissus bat bam (Wall) Planch.

28 Anacardium occidental L.

29 Ancistrocladu.s leclorius (Lour.) Merr

30 Ancistrocladux extensus Walt.

3 I Annona reticulata L.

32 Annona

33 Annona squamosa L.

34 Anthocephalus chinensis Rich ex. Walp.

35 Apama tomentosa (Bl.) Engl.

Paku Laut (N)

Tmcban (N)

Mi-Top (N)

Bilva -

Kama-ha-la (N)

So-pak-re (N)/Thamraihu(N)
Punnoh (N)

Miltich(N)

Kalifato

(J)

Eang Alo

36 Aphanamixis polystachya (W'all) Parker

37 Aporusa villosula Kurz.

38 Ardbia oxychyitasna&; - :

39 Ardisia solanacea Roxh. Chakafum/Minkuon (N)

40 Areca catechu Linn: Kahkoh

41 Areca tnandra I.inn. Kahkoh

42 Argyrea hookeri

4.3 Aristohchia tagala Cham. Lakiom/Minchokoycn/Punkot (N)

44 Artabotrvs speciosus

45 Artocarpus lacucha Buch. Ham.

46 Artocarpus chaplasha (J)

47 Averrhoa bilimbi L. Tok (N)

48 Avicennia marina Vierh.

...■ -.•>?>. ■■■■■■ " sx-w.ccc.c... :ccxcccc-. . -- -

49 Baccaurea sumatrana (Miq) Muell-Arg.

Kachchmai (N)

138

50

Buccaurea xapida

Kbatta phal (J)

51

Bacopa monieri (T,) Perm.

52

Barleria pricmitis L.

* .jo’

■

11

V:;i

III

53

Barringtonia asiaiica (L) Kur/

Cingola (0) Av-an/Kinyav (N)

54

Barringtonia rcuxmosa (L.) Roxb.

Lam

55

Bixaorellana L.

Akvel (N)

5$:

Blumeu bdlsamifera (L) DC.

Hotlik (1ST)

57

Blumea viren.s DC

&

Boerhavid diffusa (I.)

59

Breynia rvtusa (Dens) Alston.

Lanot/l-itcong (N)

m

Bridelia tomenlusa Bl.

RananVKa-tioh (N)

61

Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Larak

Tofooto (N)

62

Caesalptma bonduc ( L) Roxb

Kalcin (A). Vaknuato (N)

63

Cajanus cajan (L) Mill

Huklik (N)

64

Caiumosaguslaciniosus

■

65

CaUicacarpa inerme (L.) Gaerln

Ma-nyya (N)

66

Callicarpa longijalia Lirnik.

Kin-Vi-Ti (N)

67

Callophyllum irmophyllum L.

In-Yanng, La Monk

68

CaflophyUum speciabile Willd.

' ; ' ' ■ s®l|: 1|

69

Calotropis gigcmtea (L.) R.Br.

Gilerset, Akwan

71

Carnivaliu cat hart tea Thou.

Minuchi (N)

72

Cardiocarpus andamanicus (Kurz) Howard

Kamarang(N)

73

Cardiospermum helicacabum

74

Cary-out mitis

Mari path: (1) ;:

75

Casearia grtrwiaefolia Vent. var. deglabrata Koord.

Kill-toung (N)

76

( ussta (data L.

Palal (A).Thiribaw (N)

77

Cassia occicientalis L.

Marohah (N)

78

Cassia torn L.

Mitum-auh (19)

79

Cassytha fill form is L.

Aakashavalli (S)

81

Cathanmlhus rose us (L) Schott

Cayratia japonica (Thumb.) Gag op

Kithot (N)

82

Celosia argentcu L.

Motiyn

83

Ceriops tagal Roxb

84

Centotheca lappacea (L) Desv.

Kunholi (N)

85

Chromotaena odorata (L) King & Robinson

Katih/Euhbcns (N) Hawa-booli

86

Chydenanthus excelsus (Bl.) Miers

: v v ".:: •• jj ■ ■

87

Cisstis aristata (Bl.)

Rs

C. repens Lamk

if

f

Is
' : : .:-

|

; ! ’“i

fjfcllj

89

Citrus maxima Mem

tiBil

Claoxylon polot (Burm.f) Merr.

Sing-Ke-Ra (N) Hanngonyo

91

Cleidion nitidum Thw.

Tam-fa-tu(N)

92

Clenogyne grandis 13enth

139

93

Cierodendrum panicuialum

Kalanuovo/Tangnorg/yamon (N)

94

Cviscosum Venl,

Manjayay (N)

95

Cocux nucifera L.

96

Codiocarpus andamaninis (Kur/.) Howard

Kamatang |

97

Coldcnia procumbens L.

m

^yColocasia antiquorum Schott

Aluka(S)

99

Culubrina asiatica (L) Brongn

Tnamai (N)

100;

■ ■ Corchonis aesiuans L.

101

Cordia grandis Roxb

102

Cordia dkholoma Forst. £

Mmyap(N)

in

li|

18

m

ivy

|r

3 .

103

Cordia obliqua Willd

Matka (N)

104 Combrv.tum lahfolium Bl.

105

Cantus speciasux (Koen) Sm.

106

Craraevu rrligiasa lorst. f.

Vanina (S)

|§i u

107

Croton argyratus Bl.

Minthunah (N)

108

Cryptotepis hucha/mm R * S.

109

Cucurhita

(J)

110

Curcuma zedorki

Jungh haldi (J)

111

Curculigo orchinides Gacrtn.

112

Cupanui jackiana llicm.

l-amaug (N)

113

Cycas rumphii Miq

Triella/Tivan (N)

114

Cyathea albo-setacea ( Bcdd_)Copd

115

Cyathea xphinulosa llook

'• 116

Cyvtca peltata (lain) Diels

ChancUn(N)

117

Cvras rumphii

Arguna (J)

118

Cynometra ramiflora L. ssp. Bijuga

Mink (A)

119

Cynodon dactyion (L.) Pcrs.

Dub

120

Cyperus javanicus Houtt

Tokut<N)

121

Cyperus kyltinga Endl.

Viyo/Nirbisi

122

Daphne papyracea Wall. Ex Stem!

|p||f -■

123

Datura metel L.

Tukul/Katakal(N)

:: 124

Dendrabuntt cmmentum Swartz,

125

Dendrobium secundum Wall.

126

Derris indica Bcnn.

Biochunc-aichukabe (O) Karanj

127

Derrix sinuate Bcr.rh. ex Thw

128

JDesmodtum heterocarpon DC.

Mei(N)

129

D ttmbellatum (L) DC.

Damle(O)

130

Dioscarea bulbifera L.

Bp? «'

131

Dioxcorea glabra

132

Dinsconta pentaphytln 1..

133

Dioxpvros andamansium

Kundu (J)

134

Dwspyros Montana Roxb

Turoala(S)

135

Diospyms uandulata Wall. ex.G.Don

Lintoh

I

140

136"

Dhchidia henghalensii Coleb

Talima (N)

137

Dischidia major (Vahl) Mi err.

Hill!

Donax cannaeformis fFoist.) Sebum

Kagle'Tombowka(O) Amok (N)

139

Dracaena angustifalia (Medic.) Roxb

140

Dracontomehm

Khatta(3)

141

Dregia volubilis (L) Ilk f

142

Drynaria duercifolia (U Sm.

143

Dry petes assamica .Hk. f.

Tonilelu (0)

144

Dysoxylym thyrsaideum (jnll

" ... . • ■ • ■ .

var amiarnamca (Kins.)

145

Eclipia alba

140

Fclipta pwscrata (L)

147

Ehretia laevis Roxb

148

Eiaeacarpwt serrahts L.

p@§ll|

149

Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Gacrtn)

Rudraksha (S)

150

Elatvsterimui sesijuifotium Hassk.

§■; i- v : |||;f|§:§S ■ ■ ■ ■ | ll§: : l

151

Elagnus latifolia L.

Tapot

152

hiephantopus scaber 1.

IS; -s'-;':-:-;

153

Eleulheranrhera radalis (Sw.) Schult-Bip

Hinyoon

V' : |V4

Entada pursaeika DC.

155

Ena bractescens Lindl var. affirus (Grid) Hk. f.

156

Eriaglassum rubiginnsum (Roxb) Bl.

Ahe (N)

157

Erycibe particuiata Roxb.

158

Erythrina veriegala L. var. orientalis (L.) MerT

Mokck

159

Eulophiu andamensis Reichb. f.

160

Evonymwi javanicus Bl.

Ravong

161

Eupatorium odoratum L.

162

Euphorbia a/o/o Forst. f.

Mu pet

163

Euphorbia chamasyce L.

Dud hi a

164

Euphorbia hiria L.

Dudhi

165

166

Euphorbia longan

167

Ficus ampelas

168

Ficus hispida Linn.

Kakodumbare.GuIar (J)

169

Ficus religiosa L.

Pipal

170

Fibracurea chloroieuca Miers.

171

Fiageliaria indica L.

Fragraea racemosa Jack cx. Wall

Rohckui

173

GanophyUum falcatum BL.

|74

Garcinia nervosa. Miq

175

Garcinia cowa

J/KJiatta (J)

176

Garcinia microstigma

177

Garuga pinnata Roxb.

178

( irevia acuminata A. L. JlLSS.

179

Globba maranlia L.

:: 180

Giochidion cahtcurpum Kurz.

Lukiima/Angchonst - ' - r

181

Glycosmis arborea (Roxb) DC.

182

G.penlaphylla (Retz) Corr

Shakota (S) - . ..

183

Gnentm gnomon L.

Amih/Hitluh (N)

184

Gossypium hcrbaceum L. ;

Ruhikanh(N)

185

Guctlarda speciosa L.

186

Jtedyvlh bifiora{L) Lanik.

■ ■ ■ -: : ;■:■ ■ :■■■ -.A"■.A..:-.-:

187

Hedyotis paradoxa kurz

Infich

188

H vestita G.Doa -

1

189

Helicteres angustifo/ia var. obtuse King

190

Heritiera littoralis Dryaad.

■ ' '-'Hi'' .:

191

Hemandia peltata Mcissn

192

Heiacria oblique B L.

;

193

Heteropogon contortus Beauv.

194

Hibiscus tiilaceus L.

Ta-it-Ku.fN) Bala bheda (S')

195

Hiplage benghalensis (L) Kurz

1%

Uomulomcna aromatica Laman

197

Homonia riparia Lour

198

Horsfieldia gUihra BI. "Warb.

199

Hoyaparasitica Wall.

Lanvoh

200

Hyptis cupitata Jarq

Kumtop (N) Bastam-ghas,

201

Hyptis suavaoiens S (I.) Poit

202

Imperata cylindricn L.

1- % g&psg Spgg&S gifiBpsgjggKjjB3g

203 Ipomoea campanulalci L. Lumtok

204 Ipomoca gracilis R. Br. Panarecha

Ipomeapes-raprae (L) Sweet ssp.
hrasiliensis (L) Qost.

206 Ixora bnmnescens Kura. Hamaok -sMll

207

208

209

210
211
212
213

215

m

217

2T8

219

220
221

Ixura grandiflora Zoll. & Mor.

Jasminum mutiifiorum Amir

-Vm. nicobari cum Tfrn g h. _... .

Jasminum rutcfuei Cl, Vat ptirpurascens Cl.

Jatropha curcas L.

Jatropha gossypifnlia L.

Knernti andamanica
Kunsleria

Larmea coromandelica (Huutt) Mcrr.
Lantana camera L. var. aculcata (L) Mold.
Lasianlhus andamanicus Hk f.

Laumea sermentosa (Wild) O.Ktzc.

l.eea angulala Miq

Moptupo (N)
Madayanti (S)

Boi-Pong

(J)

tCaarcl (N)

Loi .

Hasti Kama

222 Leea grandifolia

223 Leea indica (13uam. f.) Men.

224 Lepidopetalumjackiamm Radik.

Takleyu

Khujaliwali,Alokona

225

Lepisanthes andamanica King

226

Lcuala spinosa Warn*.

227

Litseaglulinosa (Lour.) C.B. Robins.

228

L. Kurzii (King)

229

Loranthm longiflorus Dcsv.

230

lygodium Hexuosum (L) Sw.

231

Macaranga indie a Wt.

Kanhcd/kinrul f.N)

232

Mucaranga. Mnarm\' (L): Miielc. Arg.

..... ...... .. ••••; '

233

Macaranga triloba (131) Mucll Arg.

234

Maesa andamanica Kune.

235

Macs a ramentacea (Roxb) I)C.

Hing- Kwai

236

Mulioms anddmanicusitk, f.

.. . . '• - .

237

Mallotus ohlongifolius Muell. Arg.

238

Ma!tutn\peltatus (Geis) Mucll Arg.

Kalokvak (N) Patage/Obbott-aehe (O)

239

Mangifera andamanica King

Jangli Aam

240

Mangifera indtca

Aam

241

Martilkara achras (Mill.) Fosbcrg.

242

Manilkara littoralis (Kurz) Dub

Lamkiny

243

O/t/f

Masserschimidia argentea (L.f.) Jolvist.

Kafap

245

Mt^ltLsfofym ujffims D. Don

M.malabathricum L.

Kinah

246

Melanthesa rhamnoides (Retz) Bl.

247

Melochia umhellata (Iloutt.) Stapf.

To Hu 0 ku (N)

248

Memetylon caerulatm Jack. ’

■ : ; - ; • •’ ; . " : ; .

249

Meiremia pellata (L) Merr.

Parasrani (S)

250

Merrenua umbellata ( LJHalhcrf. vsp ximhellala

251

Mestta ferrea L.

252

Micromeliim integetTinuon (Roxb)

253

Mischocarpus sundaicus Bl.

254

Mitragyrta rotundifnlia (Roxb.) Kimlze

Kasini

255

Mitrephora prairti

(J)

256

Modecca cardiophylla Mart.

. . . ' • ■■ • - ; .

257

Mnrinda atrifblia L.

Lam-onk, Lu-rong, (N)

258

259

Morinda tinctoria L.

Moringa oleifera bank.

Sahjan

260

Morusalba L.

Sahtoot

261

Mucuna gigantean (W'illd) DC.

Teelockala(O)

262

Murraya koenigii (L) Sprenge

Tayam

263

Mussaenda frondosa 1.

Srivati (S)

264

Mussaenda macmphylla Wall.

265

Musa sapientium

J'Kiiatta (J)

2((.

Myristica andamanica HoofL

Rjnkotna (N)Bara Jaiphal/Jaiphal (J)

267

Myristica elliptica Wall

268

Neisosperma oppositifolium (Lam) Fosb. & Sac.

269

Neodissochaeta celibica Bl. Bakh . f

270 Nicotiana tabacum L.

jjjjjgl ■ 1J

271

Nipafrul leans

Dhani patti (J, N, 0, S)

; 272

Nyetanihes arbor-tristis L.

I’arijal.Shri Sipghar

273

Ochmsia oppositifoha (Juss.) Moldenke

Ocunum sanctum L. •

275

Ophiorrhiza mungos L.

Sarpakshi (S)

276

Ophmrrhtza nicobartca Balakr

277

Omphaea kulschaUica Kurz.

'iunyoge(O)

, 278

’Paederia sedndens (Lour.) Mcrr.

279

Paederia joetida L.

Prasarini (S)

280

Pandanus anddmanettsium

Kcora (J)

281

Pangium edule

282

Papihonmthe teres (Roxb.) Schitr.

283

284

Parabaena sagittate! Miers. Fx.

Hook. K & Thomson

Paramena laevigata (Guss.) Mokfctlkc

285

Parasonia laevigata (Moon) Alst.

286

Passiflora foetida L.

Kiu-vaal

287

Passiftora suberosa L.

; 288

Pencil a indie a L. var. tomentosa Roxb.

•

289

Pedilanthes tithymabides

290

291

Pellioma procnaijolla Kurz

Pt mphis acidula J.R. & G. borst.

Puhcal - ol (N)

Vol-tok

292

293

Pericamphylus glaucus (Lam.) Mcrr.

294

Peristrvphe mantana Nces.

295

Pctunga microcarpa (Bl). DC

296

Piryla nodi flora (L ) Greene

Jalapippali (S)

297

Phyllanthus amarus Schuitl & Tchonn.

Topiloi Rai, Pubealol (N)

298

Pkyllanthm urinaria L.

V .:.

299

Phyllanthus emblica

Kupu-uloh

Phyllantbisgomphacampus Hook.).

Fantront

301

Phyllanthus reticulatas Poir

Bhui awla

sesr

Phyllanthus virgatus Forst. f.

■

303

Phymatodes scolopendria (Brum.) Ching.

304

Physalis minima L.

KalaheuiTTatroh (N)

305

Phvsahs angu/ala L.

306

Pinagan costata

Rhumba (J)

307

Piper betel L.

Humo, Tamboola

144

308

Pipturus argentenus (Forst.f.) wedd.

Paukam

Wmmm

309

Pisomea aculeate L.

310

Pisomea umbellofera (Forsl) seem

:v.. ;

311

Pilhecettobium angulatum Benth.

312

Pithecellobium ellipticum (BL) Massk.

81

#

313

Planchonella obovtia (R. 13r.) Pierre

Rok Toh

314

Polyaltheajcnkinssii Hie f. & TV

Topilek

Wmmii

315

Poly a! thin parkinsonni

(J)

316

Pometia pinnate Forst and Foist. f.

Thit Kandu (J)

ISM

317

Pothos scundens I..

Tornap

318

Premna corymbosa (Bialik f.) Kolll & Willd.

AgnimantJia (S)

: m

319

Premna obtusifolia

Monk lid

320

Premna serratijnlia L

Touonja(0)

321

Primus martahanica

Lai thingham (J)

322

Pseuderanthera album (Roxb.) Mcrr,

Uinkok

BWil!:

323

Psychotria andamanica Kurz.

324

Psy. hotrta malavtina jack

pB® S|®:1

H in ■

325

Psychotria polyneura Kurz var. longipella King.

■ 326

Psychotria platyneura Kurz

-'-C‘ i

327

Psychotria sorruentosa Bl.

328

Punica granatum L.

329

Randia densiflora Benth

Madama Bhcda (S)

330

RJorbesu King. & Gamb.

: : : :i’ :

331

Raphidophora lancifolia Schott.

332

Rduvolfui reflexQ T. & B.

©Mi

-V -•

333

Rh'tzophnra mucronata L.

334

Rhizaphora pantcuiala Bl

Turn

WmBS

335

Ricinus communis L.

Maah, Reri

336

Ruhus moluccamts L.

Vokunto

337

Sacchamm spontaneum L.

338

Salacia chinensts L.

Saptarangi (S)

' •

339

Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.

340

Sandoncum mdicwm Cav,

■ _•

341

Sansevieria trifasclata

342

Saprosma conximile Kurz.

~rw~ —-

343

Sareolohus globosus Wall

Fonghanch

344

Sarcostigma wallichii BthW.

. \ ■ :

345

Saregada multiflorum Baill.

14(f“

Saurauisa bracteosa DC.

\ : ■

- —

347

Scaevola koenigii

348

Scaevola serioea Vahl.

Kwyae/Tnftil (N)

349

Scaevola taccada (Gacrtn.) Roxb.

Tochonk

350

Schefflera vamalosa (Wt. &Am)

.

H§g fi

145

351

352

353

354

355

356

357

358

359

360
36!

362

363

364

365

366

367

ScineJapsis officinalis (Roxb.) Scholl.
Scoparia ( fttlcis L.

Semecarptis kurzii Ltlgl.

Sida acuta Bunn, f.

Sida rhomhifolia I.

Solarium nigrum L.

So/anum torvum Sw.

Spathoglotlis plicata Bl.

SpilaMhes calbaDC.

S. paniculata DC
Spondiaspitmata L.

Sphenodcsme involucrate (Presl.) Robin
Spkytanthera lutescens (Kurz.) Pax, & Hoff
Slenochlaena pa/uslri.s (Bunn.) Bedd.

369

370

371

372

373

374

375

376
.377

378

379

380
38!

382

383

384

385

386

387
; 388

389

390
39!

392

393

S. rubiginosa vent.

S. vi/losa Roxb.
Streb/us aspera Lour.

Sureganda mullifiora (Juxs.) Bail
Symplocos racemosA Roxb.

Syzigium cuminii (L) Skeels.

S. samarangen.se (B!) Men. & Perry
Tahemaemontana crispa Roxb.

Tacca leontopelaloides (L) Ktze.
Tamarindus indica L.

Tarenna webcraefoUa Kurz. Balakr.
Terminalia catappa L.

Ihe.spesiapopulnea Corr.

Thottea tomentosa
Tom nejortut argentea l 1
Trcmma tomentosa (Roxb.) Hara.
Tnchosanthes bractcuta (Trunk ) Voigt
Trichosapthes tricuspidata
Trichosapthes palmata Roxb.

Tridax pmcubens L.

Trigonostemon longifolius
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq
Tvlophora indica (Burm.f.) Merr.

7 tenuis 131.

Uncdria/errea (Bl.) DC.

Uraria tagopoidiodes L. Desv.

Gaja pippaLi (S)

Bariara

Katahne(S)

Amrataka(S)

Fuk

Mongeug

J/Jammun (J)

Ipoh

Thikarothung (N) Kalitngench (N) Koraiva (S)
Chaf

Chap (A) lohangko. Gruhadnuna (S)

Tcbokaia (O)

(J)

(J)

Vishala (S)
Atkat
Gu gma
Kasin-rioch

Anantamula (S) Tolyama

Prishniparni (S)

146

394

395

396

Urena lohata L.

Venumia chinensis Less.

V. cinerea (L.) Less.

Katschinin (A), Kasinrah (N) CLurampalli (S')

Hopal, Kujlin

397

Vigna marina (Burra.f.) Merr.

Hinriyan

398

VUex negundo L.

Nirgundi (S)

399

Vitex rrifolia I.. f.

400

Waiiakaka volubilis (L. f.) Slapf.

Madhumalathi (S), Pakon

401

Wedelia biflora (L) DC.

Kolan (N), Bringaraj (S), Takurkala (O)

402

Ximen'm amoricara Willd.

Chandana (S)

403

Zanthoxylum ovatifolium Wt

Tumburu (S)

404

Zingiber officinale L.

405

Zingiber squarrosum

406

Zingiber zerumbet Sra.

ills

Source: NBRI. (200$). A' - Nicnhari; S - Shumpen: A - Andamanese , J - Jarwa.

12.16. Appendix 16 : Plants used by the Chota Nagpur Community in ANI

Plant species

Plant family

Local name

General use

1

Adenanthera pavonina

Mimosaceae

Ycwgi

Timber; firewood, rice wine

2

Aglaia andamanica

Meiiaceac

Latou

Construction

3

Albizia chinensis

Mimosaceae

Bonmcza

Timber; rice wine

;P

Albizia procera

Mimosaceae

Coco

Rice wine

5

Amvora wallichii

Mcliaceae

Lalchiui

Timber

6

Amorphophalliis campanulatus

Araccae

edible

7

Areca Iriandra

Arccaccae

Jungli supari

Construction

8

Artabotrys speciosus

Atinonaccae

WSm n ill

Medicinal

9

Artoccirpus lakoocho

Moraceac

lakuch

Construction

10

Bombax iusigne

Bombacaccac

Didu

Timber; medicinal

11

Bouea oppos'difofia

Anacardiaccac

Mariam

Firewood; wild edible

12

Calamus longisetus

Arccaccae

Jungli beth

Construction

13

Calamus pseudo-rivalis

Aiecaceae

Sangabeth

Agri. implements;
thirst quencher

14

Canarium euphyllum

Burscraceae

Dhup

Trapping birds

15

Cary ota mil is

Arccaccae

Madi pathi

edible

16

Citmamomum verum

Lauraceac

Jungli tejpatta

Culinary ingredient

17

Cleistanthus myrianlhus

Euphorbiaccae

Gorai

Fish slupefier; rice wine

18

Dinochtoa andamanicu

Poaceac

Bel bamboo

construction

19

Diospyms oocarpa

Ebcnaccae

Kendu

Agricultural implements; Beedt

20

Diploknema buiyraceae

Sapotaccae

Jungli Mahua

Timber; firewood: Rice wine

21

Ficus benghalensis

Moraccac

Bargad

Wild edible

22

Garcinia cowa

Clusiaccac

cowa

Wild edible

23

Hibiscus cannabimis

Malvaceae

Culinaiy ingredient

24

Hopea odorota

Dipterocarpaccae

Thingam

Timber

25

Korthalsia laciniosa

Arecaceae

Lai beth

furniture

26

Leea indica

Leaceae

Bagoda balli

Rice wine; construction

27

Licit la pel tat a

Arecaceae

Selai pathi

Construction

28

kfiliusa andamanicu

Annonaceae

Jungli sagwan

Timber

29

Myristica sp.

Myristieaceae

Jaipbal

Medicinal

147

30

Ocimum sanctum

Larniaceae

T'ulsi

31

Orophea indicu

Atmonaceac

■ 32

Pandanm andamanesmm

Pandanaceae

Keota W/ffl

33

Phoenix sylvestris

Arecaceae

Kajur

34

Piper sp.

I;:; I’iperaceae

Jungli Pan

35

Pisonia umbellifera

Nyctaginaceae

Bunia

36

Planchoniu va/ida

Myrtaccae

Lai Bombway

37

Pometia pinnata

Sapindaccac

Thitkandu

38 ■:

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre

I'abaeeae

Kaianj

39

Pterocarpus datbergioides

Fabaccae

Padauk

40

Ptemcymbium tinetdrium

Sterculiaceae

Papila

41

Ptemspermum acemides

Sterculiaccae

Makchun,

Ullat kambal

7,42;.;

Raitwolfia serpentina

Apocynaceae

Nagbel

43

Rhizophora apiculata

Rhizophoraceae

Khagadagach

:

Sagaraea elhptiia

Armodaccae

chooi

45

Schleichera sp

Sapindaceac

Kasum

; 46

Semecbrpus imacardium

Anacaftltaecae

Bhilawa

47

Semecarpus imacardium

Anacardtaccae

Kaju

48

Rida acuta

i:;:M4yaeeae\\:7A;:F

Boriyari

49

Solanum xunthocarpum

Solanaccae

Jungli Bengan

50

Spandias pinnata

Anaeardiateae

Ambaia

51

Stachytarphela jamaicensis

Verbenaceae

Bilti asra

52

Termmalia catapa

; Combrctaceae

Badam "

53

Telrametes nudiflora

Datiscaccae

Thitpok

;5ii

Tmnspora cordifolia

Mcnispermaceae

Kaduva bel

55

Typhonia sp.

Araceae

56

Unidentified

Lohar lakdi

57

Unidentified

Karmi

58

Unidentified

Agia

59

Unidentified

Yemane

60 ;

Unidentified

Arecaceae

Burma beth

Source: AH (IJnpubl.)

Honeybee repellent ?
Honeybee repellent
Wild edible; construction
Wild edible; construction
Betel leaves

Elephant fodder; basket making
Veterinary medicine & Timber
Firewood; wild edible
Timber
Dyeing

Floaters; match sticks

Medicinal; Agri implements

Rice wine
Dyeing

Timber .

Construction; wild edible

Wild edible

Medicine

Medicinal

Medicinal

Firewood; wild edible

Cultural

Timfwn; wild edible ■

limber

Ricewiue

edible

Timber:

Construction, firewood

Medicinal; construc¬
tion; firewood
Floaters

Furniture making

12.17. Appendix 17: Marine turtle nesting sites around ANI

Wame of islands local ity - Western Coast
North Andamans

1 -

Landfall

North western & eastern side

HB&GT

2

West

Western & eastern sides

GT

IP11I8S

Whitccliff

Eastern side

GT

4

Reef

Eastern & north western sides

GT

5

Paget

Northern side

■ ■ GT

6

Point

North eastern side

GT & HB

Tfi .

Snark

Around the islaud

GT&HB

8

Kwangtuug

Western side

GT

9

Latouche

Northwestern side

GT&HB

10

North Reef

North eastern, north western & mid eastern sides

GT& HB

Eastern Coast

e l[p«lll|ptsll§tl^ W&M ' -

11

Last

North western & eastern sides

GT & 1 IB

148

12

Pocock

Northern side

GT

13

Trilby

Northern side

GT & HB

14

Excelsior

Northern & eastern sides

gt&hb:

15

Tage

Western side

GT

16

Dclgamo ;

South eastern & north western

: GT&HB ' ~

17

East Turtle

Western side

GT

18

Temple

Eastern side

gt&hb :

19

Rose

Western side

GT

20

Smith

Eastern side

GT & OR

21

Ross

Northeastern side

GT&HB

22

Craggy

Eastern side

GT&HB vi-TOli

23

Sound

South eastern side

GT & HB

Coastal Locations along North Andaman Island

24

Pine Bay

North west

GT

25 : :

Beale Bay

North west

GT

26

Casuarina Bay

West

GT & OR

’Coffee Dera

North east

GT&LB*

28

Lamia Bay

East

G1

29 : :

Raamnagar

East

LB & OR

30

South east

GT. HB & LB

(Rainnagar)

*Leatherbacks nested in large numbers here, currently only 2- 5 still nest at this site

MIDDLE ANDAMANS & RITCHIE'S ARCHIPELAGO

Name of island

Locality western coast

Species

1

Interview

South western coast

GT&HB

1

South Reef

■ All around

GT&HB

2

Anderson

South western side

GT

Southeastern * South western sides

GT&HB

4

Hump

All around

GT & HB

5

Flat

: Aliaround

GT&HB

EASTERN COAST

6

Long

North eastern & south eastern

GT

7

North Passage

Eastern side

GT

8

East coast Baratang Ilorsford, Rawlen’s & Grieve Bays

GT&HB

COASTAL LOCATIONS

7

Robert Bay

W'est coast

• <31 74: i-v-

8

Karmatang*

Fast coast

GT*

9

Paikt Bay

East coast

GT&OR

10

Wotcng

East coast

GT

11

Cuthbcit Bay

East coast

OR, GT & LB

RITCHIE'S ARCHIPELAGO

19

North Button

Southern side

GT&HB

20

Middle Burton

Southern side

GT& HB

21

South Button

North eastern side

GT & HB

22

North Passage

Eastern side

GT

23

Outram

Eastern side

GT

24

Havelock

South eastern -No-7 Radnagr beach

GT

26 Neil

27 Hugh Rose ;:

* Leatherbacks used to nest here up to mid 1980s

■South western side
North western side
Northern side

GT&HB

minis

SOUTH ANDAMANS

1

Spike

South western side

Bluff

North eastern & north western sides

3

Taimugli

North western side

l|4l;

Grub i

Northern side iij§ll|

5

Bcclc

Southern side

Bil

Red skin

Souhern side

7

Boat

North eastern side

8

Tolly Boy

North western side

9

Rutland

Woodmasion Bay, south & north eastern sides

10

West Twin

Northern side

11

East Twin

Northern side

I 2

North C inque

Western side ill

13

South Cinque

Western side

14

Passage

■ '.'Northernside;" i ■

15

North Sister

Nortli eastern side

SO

—

South Sister

■Southeastern side

17

North Brother

Western side

GT

GT&HB

GT

GT

CiT
GT >

GT, LB & OR

GT

GT

18 South Brother Western side

OTHER AREAS ALONG SOUTH ANDAMAN ISLAND

29

iki Bay

West coast south Andaman Island

30

Maduban beach

Eastern coast South Anda¬

GT&1IB

man Island- Harriet N P

||W

Corby an’s Cove

South east of South Andaman Island

GT

LITTLE ANDAMAN ISLAND

South of Buraala Creek
North and south of Jaekson Creek
West Bay
South Bay
North of Ifut Bay
Butler Bay

West coast
West coast
West coast
East coast

East coast

GT

GT

LB&GT
LB & GT
GT & OR
GT & OR

Name of island

I Car Nicobar

Teressa

3 Katchal

4 - | Meroe

5 Trak

6 Treis

7 Polo Milo

LITTLE NICOBAR WESTERN COAST

8 Pulo Kiyang

9 Dahvu

South western & southern

West & South Bays
Northern & western sides
Western side

Western side

GT,HB, QR&LB
GT, HB, Or & LB
GT & I IB T :
GT&HB
GT&HB
I IB

GT, HB & LB
GT, JIB & LB

150

1C

Pulo Baha

GT, HB & LB

ii

Akupa & Maka Chua

■ ■ ' ' ;■■■

GT & HB

12

Gota Bay

GT&11B

EASTERN COAST

.

13

Pulo Pahan

GT

14

Pulo Ulan

■

GT

15

Bivaye

North of

GT

GREAT NICOBAR ISLAND- WEST COAST

16

Rokorel

GT & LB

17

Rcnhom;

:iis

: GT & LB

IK

Pulo Kunji

GT&I.B

19

Cusuarina Bay

North & South Dagma River mouth

GT . OR & LB

20

Alexandra Kiver Mouth

North & South

GT, OR & LB

21

Pulo Bahi

South of

GT

EAST COAST

22

Llaful Auch Creek

L North of

GT & LB

23

Navy Dliara

G'l & LB

24

Southeast G. Nicobar

Beach Opposite Pigeon Island

GT& i.B

25

South Bay

North of the mouth of the Galalhea River

LB & OR

26

Sapbed Balu

South of Chingenli Village

GT. HB & LB

Source: Andrews <£ Tripalhy, 2004. Species: LB

Leatherback: GT - Green sea turtle: HB Hawksbilt : OR - Olive rldley

12. 18

. Appendix 18: List of PAs in ANI

NAME

AKtA LOCATION

2 >

hectares

NATIONAL PARKS

i

Sarldle Peak National Park

3,254.88

North Andaman Island. Eastern side

2

Rani Jhansi Marine National Park

25,61400

Ritchie’s Archipelago

Mount Harriet National Park

4,662.00

Northeast- South Andaman

4

Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park

28.150.00

South of South Andaman Island

5

Campbell National Park

42,623.00

North west of Great Nicobar Island

6

Galathca National Park

11,000.00

South east Greta Nicobar Island

BIOSPHERE RESERVE

1

Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve

88500.00

Great Nicobar Island

SANCTUARIES- NORTH ANDAMANS

1

Landfall Island

2,848.00

North of North Andaman

2

West Island

640.00

North west of North Andaman

3

Beele Island

8. 00

North west of North Andaman

4

White Clifflsland

47.00

North west of North Andaman

5

Reel Island

174.00

North west of North Andaman

6

Turtle Island

39.00

I

1

<

1

1

Z

7

Paget Island

736.00

North west of North Andaman

8

Point Island

307.00

North west of North Andaman

9

Sherme Island

785.00

North west of North Andaman

10

Snaik Island

60.00

West of North Andaman

11

Kwangtung Island

57.00

West of North Andaman

12

I otouche Island

96.00

West of North Andaman

13

North Reef Island

348.00

West of North Andaman

14

Hast Island

611.00

South east of Landfall Island

15

Pocock Island

62.00

Fast ol'North Andaman

Excelsior Island
Table Island
Trilby Island
Temple Island

Turtle Island jjBSBSIg

Narcondam Island
Ross Island
Egg Island

Oliver Island ■■ $118111118#

Orchard Island

Ox Island

Oyster Island- I

Oyster Island -2

Jungle Island

Channel Island
North Island
Tree Island

35 Entrance Island

36 <lander Island

37 Goose Island

38 Guijan Island

39 Cone Island

40 North Curlew Island

41 South Curlew Island

SANCTUARIES- MIDDLE ANDAMANS

1 Swamp

2 Dot Island

3 Dottrel Island

4 Parkinson Island

5 Interview Island

6 Snake Island sHM

7 Bondovillc Islaml

8 Buchanan Island
4 Surat Island

10 Bennett Island •

11 Bingham Island

12 Blister Island

13 Roper Island
11 Ranger Island

15 South Reef Island

16 Mask Island

17 Mayo Island

18 Tufl Island

19 Hump island

20 Flat Island

_^-uO'Oert Bay Turtle Sanctuary

22 Barren Island

23 North Button Island

i-$9J0O East of^pnfo Andaman
229.00 Bast of North Andaman
96.00 Bast of North Andaman
1°4.00 East of North Andaman
39.00 East of North Andaman
681.20 East of North Andaman
101.00 East of North Andaman V
5-00 North Andaman Island
16.00 North of North Andaman
10 00 North of North Andaman
13.00 North of North Andaman
8.00 North Andaman
21.00 North Andaman
52.00 North Andaman
23.00 North Andaman
18.00 North Andaman
49.00 North Andaman.

3.00 North Andaman
II .00 North Andaman
96.00 North west North Andaman
5.00 North Andaman
1.00 North Andaman'

16.00 North Andaman
65.00 Nortli Middle Andaman
3.00 North of Middle Andaman
16.00 North Andaman

409 00 North of Middle Andaman
18.00 North of Middle Andaman

13.00 North of Middle Andaman
34.00 North of Middle Andaman
13,300 00 Northwest Middle Andaman
73.00 North west Middle Andaman
255.00 North west Middle Andaman
933.00 North west Middle Andaman
31.00 North west Middle Andaman
:: 346.00 North west Middle Andaman

8.00 North west Middle Andaman
26. 00 North west Middle Andaman
146 00 North west Middle Andaman
426.00 North west Middle Andamau
117 00 North west Middle Andaman
78.00 North west Middle Andaman

10.00 North West Middle Andaman
29.00 West of Middle Andaman

47.00 West of Middle Andaman

936.00 West of Middle Andaman
582 . 0 o^ ast of Middle Andaman
811.00 East of Middle Andaman
44.00 East of Middle Andaman

152

24 Middle Button island

64.75

East of Middle Andaman

25 South Button Island

3.80

East of Middle Andaman

SANCTUARIES- SOUTH ANDAMANS

siisisai

1 Talakaicha

321.00

Baratang Island

2 Mangrove island

39,(X)

East of Baratang Island

3 Arial Island

5.00

East of Baratang Island

4 Bamboo Island

5.00

East of Baratang Island

5 Dutan Island

73.00

F.asl Soulh Andaman

6 Pelmun island

137.00

East of South Andaman

7 Kyd Island

805.00

East of Soulh Andaman

8 Inglish Island

355.00

East in the Ritchie’s Archipelago

9 Sir Hugh Rose

106.00

Soulh- Rilchie’s Archipelago

10 Snake Island

3.00

South east Suuth Andaman

11- Pctrc Island

13.00

West of South Andaman

12 Defence Island

1.049.00

West of South Andaman

13 Clyde Island

54.00

West of South Andaman

14 Potanma Island

16.00

West South Andaman

15 James Island

210.00

West South Andaman

16 Rowe Island

1.00

West South Andaman

17 Montgomery Island

21.00

West of South Andaman

18 Lohabarrick Crocodile Samctuary

2,221.00

South west of South Andaman

19 Tannugli Island

2,333.00

South west of South Andaman

20 South Sentinel Island

161.00

South West of South Andaman

21 Sandy Island 158.00 West of South Andaman

22 West & East Twins Islands 184.00 South of Rutland Island

23

North & South Cinque Islands

953.00

South east Rutland Island

24

Passage Island

62.00

South of South Cinque Island

25

North & South Sisters Island

36.00

South cast of Passage Island

26

North Brother Island

75.00

North cast of Little Andaman Island

27

South Brother Island

124.00

North casl of Little Andaman

SANCTUARIES-NICOBARS

11

1

Batti Malv Island

223.00

South cast ol'Car Nicobar Island

2

Tillancbang Island

1,683.00

South cast of Batti Malv Island

3

Mcgapodc Island

12.50

South west of Great Nicobar Islaud

Source: AA'E & F. 2005

12 .19. Appendix 19: Important Bird Areas in ANI

Site names Andaman Group ;_Site code_Status_IBA Criteria

1

Little Andaman Island

IN-AN-10

TR

A1.A2

2

South Sentinel Island

IN-AN-15

nsfiP^

A1.A2

3

North Sentinel Island

IN-AN-15

TR

AI.A2

4

Mahatma Gandhi Marine

IN-AN-11

NP

AI.A2

5

Kadakachang wetlands

IN-AN-08

PF

Al, A2

6

Baratang - Rafter’s Creek

IN-AN-02

PF

A1.A2

7

Mount Diavalo & Cuthbcrl Bay

IN-AN-12

PF & WT S

A1.A2

8

Chainpur and Hanspuri

IN-AN-04

PF

C A1.A2

9

Jarawa Reserve (Middle &South Andaman Isalnds)

IN-AN-7

TR

Al, A2

III

Jarawa Reserve (South Andaman)

IN-AN-7

TR.

A1, A2 :

11

12

Austin Strait

Interview Island

IN-AN-01

IN-AN-06

PF

WLS

A1.A2

A1.A2

153

13

Landlall Island

IN-AN-09

WLS

AI.A2

14

Mount Hornet —Shoa! Bay

IN-AN 13

NP

A1.A2

15

Narconcbm Island

IN-AN-14

WLS

A1.A2

16

North Reeflsland

IN-AN-16

wls igSgSj

A1.A2

17

Saddle Peak

IN-AN-18

NP

A1.A2

IK

Rani Jhansi MNP-Oulram. John &

Henry Uiwrencc Islands

IN-AN-17

NP

A1.A2

Site names Nicobar Group

19

Car Nicobar Island

IN AN-03

TR

A1.A2

20

Tilangchong Island

IN-AN-19

TR & WLS

A i

21

Camorta Island

IN-AN-19

TR

A1..A2

22

Katchal Island

IN-AN-19

TR

AI.A2

23

Nancou ar> Island

IN-AN-IS

TR

AI.A2

24

Trinkai Island

IN-AN-19

TR

AI.A2

25

Little Nicobar Island

IN-AN-19

TR

A1.A2 a-

Great Nicobar Island

IN-AN-05

TR

A1.A2

Source: Zafae-ul Islam i£ Hahmani (2004) 41- Threatened Species: A2- Endemic Hird Area.
TR- Tribal Reserve: NP- National Park. WLS- Wildlife Sanctuary, PF- Preserved Forest.

12 . 20 . Appendix 20: Rare, endangered and threatened plants

Fanny

SpKies

Remarks

Nyctaginaceae

Nypa Jrutiean*

Critical '

Araceae

AmorphophaUvs camnsus

Rare & Threatened

Amorpliophallus long!stylus

Rare & Threatened

A morphophailtt.t oncaphyHus

Rare & Threatened

Arecaceae

Calamus dilaceratus

Rare & Threatened

Cnrvpha macrvpoda

Rare & Threatened

Cyperaceae

Cyperus kurzii

Rare St Threatened

Hypohtrum balakrukmmii

Rare

Dioscoreaccae

Dtosconea vexans

Rac

Dioscorea rogersii

Rare

Marantaceae

Stack) phrynium cadellianum

Rare & Threatened

Orchiefaceae

Bulbophyllum pmtraclum

Rare & Threatened

Habenaria andumantca

Rare & Threatened

Malleola andatrumica

Rare & Threatened

Phaluimtpsis speciosa

Rare & Threatened

Smttinandia helferi

Rare St Threatened

Taeniophyllum andamanicum

Rare & Threatened

Zeuxine roiAm

Rare & Threatened

7 rustrh. tBidamamra

Rare & Threatened

Poaceae

Oryza iruimdamamca

_ — ~r -—==- —

Rare

Zmgiberaceae

Bosenbergia albo-ltrtca

Rare

Globba pauciflorti

Rare

Kaempftria siphtmantha

Rare & Threatened

Acanthaceae

Hypoeslb andamam-nsb

Rare & Threatened

Hypocxtb thothathrii

Rare

' '3V-:

Strobilanthes cardamom-rub

Rare & Threatened

Ana card iaceae

Mangifrra andamanUu

Kate & Threatened

Annonaceae

Uropkaea tondour

Rare

Asteraceae

lemon hi andamamco

Rare & Threatened

Bombacaceae

Bombay msigne

Rare >5;

154

Garcinia kingii

Rare

Mesua manii

Rare

Euphorbiaceae

Anlidesma andamanicum

Rare

Bridelia kurzii

Rare

Cnesmane javanica

Rate

Dimarphocalyx balakrishnanii

Rare

Dtmorphocanx dihparms

Rare

Glochidion bilobulatum

Rare

Phylianlhusandamanica

Rare & Threatened

Sphynmihera airy-shawii

Rare

Sphyranthera lutescens

Rare

1 rigonostemon viridissimus

Rare & Threatened

Fabaceae

Tadehagi triquetrum

Rare & Threatened

Flacourtiaceae

Casaeria insularis

Rare

Hypocrataceae

Hippotratca andamanica

Rare

Icacinaceae

Gomphandra comosa

Rare

Lamiaceae

Scutellaria andamanica

Rare

Lauraceae

Cryptocarya ferrarsii

Rare

Litsea kumii

Rare

Litsea leiantha

Rare

NeoUisea andamanica

Rare

Neolitsea balakrishnanii

Rare & Threatened

Loganiaceae

Strychnos narcondamensis

Rare

Loranthaceae

Ginaf/oa andamanica

Rare & Threatened

Malphigiaceae

Hiptage thothathrii

Rare & Threatened

Melastomataceae

Memecvlon coltinum

Rare

Meliaceae

Aglaia fusca

Rare

Amoora manii

Rare

Menispermaceae

Siephania andamanica

Rare

Tinospora andamanica

Rare

Moraceae

Ficus andamanica

Rare

Myristicaceae

Hm.sficldia macrocarpa

Rare

Myrsinaceae

Maesa andamancia

Rare

Myrtaceae

Syzygium andamanicum

Rare

Syzygium kurzii

Rare

Syzygium manii

Rare

Oleaceae

Jasminum andamanicum

Rare

Jasminum unifoliolutum

Rare

Rubiaceae

Diplospora andamanica

Rare & Threatened

Jxara andamanica

Rare & Threatened

iXora capituliflora

Rare

Ixora hymenophylla

Rare

Nauclea gage an a

Rare

Prismatomeria andamanica

Rare

Psychotria balakrishnanii

Rare & Threatened

Psychotria hclferi

Rare

Psychotria pendula

Rare

_ ” - - v | V

Psychotria polyneura var. longipetioiata

Rare

Pubistylis andamanensis

Rare & Threatened

Vitaceae

Tetrastigma andamanicum

Rare

Rare

Plate 1 . Galathea River- Great Nicobar Island

© Sawant

.

Plate 3. Grasslands and forest type on Teressa Island, Nicobars

Plate 4. Mangroves and last of the Great Andamanese people

Plate 5. Onge men hunting in inland wetland forest - Little Andaman Island

©M.Chandl ©HV. Andrews

Plate 6. Nypa fruticans strands - South Andamans

Plate 7. Mohwa (Manilkara littoralis) littoral forest - Andamans

© M. Chandi © M. Chandi

Plate 8. Homestead and plantation along protected forest Wandoor. South Andaman

Plate 9. Freshwater resource along protected forest and settlement - Karamatang. Middle Andaman

© M. Chandi © M Chandi

Plate 10. Hamlet along coastal area - Chowra Island, Nicobars

Plate 11. Hamlet and plantation along littoral forest - Makachua, Little Nicobar Island

© M. Chandi © M. Chandi

© M. Chandi

Plate 14. Resource use by Onge people - wild boar

Plate 15. Resource use by Nicobari people - pandanus (Pandamis leram)

© M. Chandi © B. Aul

Plate 16 . Post tsunami uplifted creek - Coffrie Bay, North Andamans

Plate 17. Mangrove strands drying post tsunami upliftment of Middle Andamans

I

P. Sekhsaria

Plate 1 8 . Post tsunami reef flat upliftment - North Reef Island

Plate 19. Post tsunami inundation of agricultural land - South Andaman Island

®H.V. Andrews ©P Sekhsaria

Plate 20. Post tsunami inundation of agricultural land - South Andaman Island

Plate 21. Inundation of coastal habitat South Bay, Great Nicobar Island

© M. Chandi © H. V Andrews

Plate 22. Inundation of coastal habitat - PuloBed, Great Nicobar Island

1

-y?

.jj p

1

1Sr“-

fl

P

ill

J

fi? v - tr £ i^A 1 * ”3Hfch‘

\ ■

I 1

J

■ s

Plate 23. Inundation of coastal habitat - South Bay, Great Nicobar Island

M. Chandi ©M.Chandi

? *)* > rt' : > f